Employee performance appraisal theories and techniques

Representative execution examination hypotheses and strategies Execution examination is to survey and assess the exhibition of workers towards the goals of the association. Execution evaluation has now become a significant piece of human asset the board. Execution examination is the reason for other work force programs in a considerable lot of the associations like guiding, pay organization, or faculty arranging. With the decay of professions in association, HRM methods, for example, execution examination has gotten increasingly significant in rousing and controlling the workforce. Evaluation is presently observed by certain pundits as being substantially more noteworthy in keeping up representative unwaveringness and duty than in straightforwardly overseeing execution (Bowles and Coates, 1993). Utilization of execution evaluation gives the director chance to change corporate qualities which are significant instrument in charge process. Accordingly we locate a developing utilization of evaluation frameworks for non-administrative workers that de pend on social, attitudinal and quality traits (Townley, 1989). Representatives are currently being assessed not just on target estimates, for example, participation, profitability and quality yet in addition on emotional estimates, for example, adaptability, dependability and so on execution examination helps in expanding the effectiveness of workforce which thus helps in accomplishing the goals set by an organisation. Execution examination is one of the most significant parts in the orderly methodology of Human Resource Management. Execution examination is the way toward surveying and assessing the presentation of workers as per the goals of the association. Execution evaluation is characterized as a strategy which includes the ordinary utilization of recorded appraisal of an individual㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s execution and potential (Phil Long (1986). Execution Appraisal Revisited. second ed. London: IPM Information and Advisory Services. 5.). An essential point of the presentation evaluation is to gauge the exhibition of a person against the given targets. Execution evaluation incorporates the representatives, the executives, chiefs and the units those are generally dependable in the association. Manual staffs, for example, talented workers and representatives with specialized obligations are likewise dependent upon evaluation. Numerous associations use execution examination in any event, for other f aculty programs, such as directing, compensation organization, advancements or staff arranging and so forth. It goes about as a methods for correspondence between the chief and the sub ordinates required by the organization or association. There are numerous potential employments of execution examination, yet a shrewd client of the procedure will pick among the conceivable outcomes and restrict execution evaluation to those exercises that will meet constrained, explicit objectives (Patricia King (1984). Execution Planning and Appraisal. New York: McGraw-Hill. 7.). Execution evaluation framework helps in estimating the exhibition of people against the set goals of the association and the undertakings gave to an individual, and remunerating them likewise. It is additionally the reason for selecting the new individuals, give input, increment inspiration, recognize potential, study the abilities of the representatives, preparing to be given by the destinations and the work given and let individuals realize that what is normal from them against the association and take care of the activity issues. An adjustment in installment frameworks has additionally helped in development and advancement of execution examination. Prize frameworks and expanded utilization of legitimacy and execution have been related with the improvement of execution evaluation. It would be certain that presentation evaluation rehearses those are working from recent years or so might be viable in numerous associations today. New improvements has diminished the job of execution examination, they currently are being utilized as a measure to accomplish hierarchical goals, significant experimentation and advancement. Actually execution evaluation has gotten all the more wide spread. New types of examinations have additionally been created. Improvement of execution examination: Casual arrangement of execution examination exists insofar as individuals cooperate; assessment of representatives at work is the all inclusive propensity. The historical backdrop of formal arrangement of execution evaluation is short. With the new improvements execution evaluation has become a significant component of human asset the executives. Wide scopes of techniques are utilized to lead the presentation examinations, for example, from positioning plans and competency based frameworks to complex behaviourally tied down rating plans. Execution appraisal㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s nature is for the most part dependent on the targets of the executives and the accessible assets for duty. More straightforward positioning and rating plans are received by the little associations with constrained HR skill, where as plans, for example, competency based and 360o examination are embraced by the bigger associations. The greater part of the administrations utilize just one kind of evaluation framewo rk. A few associations give the decision to workers about strategies by they way they ought to be evaluated. Scarcely any associations embrace numerous frameworks to isolate reward and non reward parts of examination and various frameworks to various word related gatherings and various pieces of the association. Examination Systems: Examination framework details the audit some portion of the exhibition cycle. Examination frameworks are structured on a focal premise by work force work, every chief assess the exhibition of their staff on a yearly, six-month to month or even quarterly premise. Generally examination framework has been pertinent to the staff those are in higher administration and administrative positions, yet with new improvements it has additionally appropriate even to the administrative staff and secretarial staff. Examination frameworks are been material in all the pieces of the association for the better execution of the workers. It will in general survey the presentation of the workers and prize them as needs be. Examination framework can be utilized to recognize the issues and improve current execution, give input. It likewise can be utilized to set the association destinations, give data to the HR work force, determination process and as a prize or disciplines. Evaluation can be separated into three classes, reward audits, possible surveys, and execution surveys, and the examination framework ought to fulfill in any event one of those. Director ought to be exceptionally cautious in inspecting the basic role of the examination framework. Source: www.rose.edu/personnel/bperryman/f6.pdf Execution Appraisal Methods and Techniques: The procedures to assess the presentation evaluation can be gathered into three classifications: Comparative, Absolute and Outcome or Result-arranged. Near Methods: These procedures help in assessment the presentation of the representatives in a work gathering. Three primary systems which are utilized in execution decisions are matched examinations, raking and constrained dissemination. Combined examinations: In this strategy appraiser thinks about the pair of people, rating which worker is better. This could be founded on the general execution of the activity or one explicit quality. A position request is acquired from the occasions every individual is chosen as the better of a couple (Phil Long (1986). Execution Appraisal Revisited. second ed. London: IPM Information and Advisory Services). Positioning: Rater requires posting the gathering of people and positioning them as indicated by the legitimacy from best to most noticeably awful. In this strategy a solitary presentation characteristic is utilized to assess the general execution of representatives towards the targets. Constrained appropriation: This methodology consolidates both combined correlations and positioning strategies. People get a rating and furthermore doled out to classifications as per foreordained appropriation. Outright Methods: This technique assesses the presentation of a person by reference to measures of execution. Strategies incorporate account approach, realistic or characteristic rating scales, basic episodes and social tied down rating scales. Story Approach: This technique depicts the individual㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s work execution and conduct in the expressions of appraiser. The appraiser portrays the qualities, shortcomings and capability of an individual and furthermore recommend for enhancements that are required. Appraiser can clarify as exposition or composed report. Account methods have the advantage that they can clarify and give data with respect to the individual㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s execution. Attribute Rating Scales: This is profoundly organized scale which comprises of a rundown of character characteristics. The appraiser ought to demonstrate the exhibition of a person on a numerical scale for which individual is being assessed have these characteristics. A variety of this is the realistic rating scale which requires the rater to assess the person on every one of a few characterized characteristics along a line containing an assortment of destinations from high to low (Phil Long (1986). Execution Appraisal Revisited. second ed. London: IPM Information and Advisory Services). Basic episode strategies: In this strategy rater clarifies the positive and negative social occasions which have been seen inside an audit period. It is progressively appropriate for execution criticism conversations. Social Anchored Rating Scales (BARS): BARS is one of the noticeable conduct scaling strategies which decide the conduct evaluations and really comprise work execution. This strategy is completed utilizing ordinary BARS instruments which comprise of arrangement of vertical scales. Each scale decides execution measurement dependent on work prerequisites and past perceptions. The conduct stays watched decides the work execution of the person. Results-arranged Methods: These strategies are generally founded on explicit achievements and results of occupation execution instead of practices. Evaluation depends on how the goals have been accomplished. Targets being together concurred between the superi

Western Classical music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Western Classical music - Essay Example y, which is altogether different from â€Å"Messiah† by George Frideric Handel which is a case of an extravagant music with so much feelings appended to it and less instrumentation. The need to separate words all the more unmistakably in the music from such instrumentation and to place feeling into the music was what required ornate music to be created during that period. The music was grown not long after renaissance music period finished and the beginning of this new time denoted the start of feeling denying traditional music which had other various artists from the first time (Hall, 265). Analyze the professions of Bach and Handel. How were they comparable and how were they unique? Discussion about where they worked their notorieties during their lifetimes, and the sort of music they composed. Did Handel compose kinds of music Bach didnt? Handel’s music vocation had first been prevented by his folks however his ability drove them to alter their perspective. Bach was from a musician’s family and his singing was sustained from a youthful age. Both of these men cherished traditional music and they additionally had an unpleasant time before they got well known and legitimate in music. Both needed to show music however in various nations and later on halted the educating. Handel was a musician who worked in London and focused more on oratorios than dramas towards the finish of his vocation. Bach then again was a music chief in Leipzig. Handel had more notoriety than Bach in spite of the fact that Bach got acclaimed after his demise. Handel composed shows lastly oratorios while Bach composed ensemble music (Hall,

Making Academic Writing More Digestible

Making Academic Writing More Digestible Academic research provides the basis for many different texts written for many different purposes. Marketing campaigns, proposals, essays â€" they commonly begin with a writer pouring through pages of research, looking through all the numbers, and determining which needles to pull out of the haystack of jargon and methodology. Learning how to understand and sift through the data and protocol descriptions is often a key talent of the best writers. In this case, knowing how to adapt the academic 4-course meal into a more easily digestible snack becomes crucial in reaching a wide range of people, interests, and reading levels.As with any effective medium, writing requires consideration of the audience. A general audience requires less jargon â€" and fewer technical details â€" than a specialized audience expects. Therefore, the first thing to keep in mind is that when adapting academic text, audience engagement is crucial. Most writers will readily admit: academic writing isnt exactly t he most exciting (or easy) read. So how does a writer adapt academic writing to get the message across in the right way, and to an expanded audience?This can be done in several ways. The easiest is to pretend that you are explaining the research publication to a friend. How would you describe the gist of the study, and more importantly, what highlights would you choose to point out to be the most convincing data from the research? Would you use words like therefore and furthermore, or would you opt for a more conversational tone? These questions are important to take into account before beginning a rough draft, and should be revisited at the various stages of the editing and final draft process.Making academic writing more digestible is not only a matter of shortening sentences and removing jargon â€" it involves being able to quickly get to the heart of the matter. While a marketers first impulse might be to simply reword the abstract to achieve this goal, the abstract rarely conta ins the specifics of the studys goals and aims, or even the exact statistics revealed. These factors are crucial in engaging a more general audience, because they will be the concerns that drive the purpose of the adapted text in the first place.Beyond these general considerations, there are specific tasks a writer can focus on to make the process of adapting an academic text a smoother one.Relax on the formalitiesSome grammar rules are accepted (at least for now) as being set in stone. Take, for example, run-on sentences. Fiction authors get away with it, but I have yet to see any non-fiction writers or copywriters pull it off. Ending with a sentence or clause with a preposition, however â€" thats an entirely different story.When adapting academic writing for a broader audience, the following grammar rules can be relaxed, making the text seem less stuffy and nondescript.Semicolon usage â€" semicolons most often connect two independent thoughts and tend to make sentences more convol uted. Its best to avoid them entirely, if possible.Avoiding contractions â€" most academic writers shy away from contractions, especially sense writing in passive voice tends to circumvent them, anyway. To adapt an academic text to a more mainstream audience, contractions are fine, and can be useful in giving the writing a more approachable voice.Referencing the source of every fact â€" the research approval and monitoring process demands that researchers state every source theyve taken from in their writing. This is such a focus within academic circles that researchers must almost be overly cautious about making a statement of fact or relevant theory that isnt referenced by previous studies.A lot can be learned from the appendixThe graphs and charts that are usually included in the Appendix of a research publication are often quick, visual indicators of the findings of the study. You can reference these by looking at the end of the paper, after the References or Bibliography sectio n. Bar charts and graphs are often used, or mapped webs to show hierarchical relationships and connections. Researchers are required to make these easily understandable, with applicable keys included, making them a great resource for beginning a scaled-down adaptation.Pay attention to the abstract, but dont use the same languageThis one is important. Abstracts are purposefully written to summarize the framework and methodology of the research. The language used is succinct, formulated, and chocked full of terminology that is edited specifically for removing wordiness and unnecessary language.The abstract is also typically written with a lot of passive verbs. Below is a common passive sentence you may find in a research abstract:The researchers found…The trick to modifying this statement is to simply state the findings of the research. Instead of The researchers found that 63% of employees reacted positively to a career ladder incentive plan, instead explain that, This career ladde r incentive plan works â€" and the research proves it! The specific details can always be included in footnotes in case the reader wants to fact check.PowerPointThe above information also applies well when attempting to convert research into PowerPoint presentations. This type of writing is becoming a common task as modern workplaces are focusing professional development on data driven strategies.In fact, the commonly accepted grammar rules for PowerPoint slides are often even more lax than those of informal business correspondence. Bullet points are preferred to complete sentences, and end punctuation is sporadic.

Motivation and the Brain Research Paper

The brain regulates the choice of a person to be physically active. Stimuli from the environment and from the tissues excite receptors and nerves which in turn excite the muscles. The central nervous system has three general areas that are associated with the complexity of the movement and the familiarity of the various stimuli. The areas include the spinal cord which handles simple reflex actions, the lower brain which organizes more complex responses while the cerebral cortex controls the most complicated responses and stores general motor programs. The spinal cord consists of two-way tracks of nerve fibers which carries both sensory fibers as well as motor fibers between the periphery and the brain. Continual flow of afferent information from the sensory receptors to the higher levels of control is permitted by the spinal cord. The spinal cord also contains the efferent motor fibers which carry command information from the cerebrum to the periphery organs or muscles. The sensory n erves have one of its branches which end in the gray matter of the spinal cord while the other branch is carried to the higher levels. The lower brain processes certain afferent sensory information in order to modify a movement for greater efficiency. Basically, the lower brain is made up of the brain stem, the cerebellum and the basal ganglia. Several pathways of motor control are either directly or indirectly under the control of the lower brain. The brain stem connects to the spinal cord and all the sensory and motor information must pass through it. The brain stem has a specialized collection of neurons known as reticular formation. The neurons helps to coordinate skeletal muscle function, maintain muscle tone, to control cardiovascular and respiratory functions and to determine the state of consciousness of a person.   It is highly involved in ballistic movements such as running, jumping and agility training. The cerebellum assists the primary motor cortex and the basal ganglia to adjust the actual movement patterns being produced to conform to the desired motor patterns established by the higher brain. It al ways monitors and modifies movement therefore making it highly involved in integrating all specific elements of technique into any exercise. The basal ganglia help the higher brain with control of complex motor activities and almost all sensory and motor nerve fibers connecting the cerebral cortex with the spinal cord pass between the basal ganglia. Therefore, one of the primary functions of the basal ganglia is to initiate and control repetitive and continuous movement patterns such as walking and running. The cerebral cortex is the higher brain and contains two hemisphere connected by the corpus callosum which allows the two to communicate with each other Wilmore states, that the cerebral cortex is the conscious brain and allows people to think, to be aware of the stimuli and to voluntary control their movements. The cerebral cortex controls the most complex motor patterns and is in charge for the initiation of all voluntary movements. The two function areas concerned with the movement are the motor cortex and the somatic sensory cortex (Wilmore, et. al, 2008). The cerebral cortex processes afferent input from the somatic sensory cortex and coordinates the various activities of the motor cortex with all the area of the lower brain and the spinal cord simultaneously. The motor cortex is divided further into three basic areas which include the primary motor cortex, the premotor area and the supplementary area. The primary motor cortex helps to control fine voluntary movements and to org anize reflex actions while the premotor area helps to coordinate motor commands and muscle activity. The supplementary area helps with the adjustments in postures and the maintenance of balance while exercising (Wilmore, et. al, 2008). Diencephalon is the region of the brain that is composed of the thalamus and the hypothalamus. The thalamus is a sensory integration center that is important and regulates what sensory input reaches the conscious brain thus very important for motor control. The hypothalamus is below the thalamus and is responsible for maintaining homeostasis by regulating all processes that affects the body internal environment such as regulating the blood pressure, body temperature, thirst, emotions among others. The spinal cord, the lower brain and the upper brain together with the rest of the central nervous system and proprioceptors continually attempts to learn, store, recall, and modify movement to help our bodies move and interact within our changing environment more efficiently. The whole control system is constantly being programmed and reprogrammed on a daily basis to adapt to changes within the active and passive systems as well as changes in the environment. The reduced dopamine or loss o f dopamine receptors in the brain appears to be related to the decline in physical activity associated with age. Genes that might help explain motivated running or spontaneous physical activity have yet to be identified. The brain also has a pain control system called an analgesia system. The enkephalins and ÃŽ ²-endorphin are important opiate substances that act on the opiate receptors in the analgesia system to help reduce pain. Wilmore states that research has demonstrated that exercise of long duration increases the natural levels of these opiate substances (Wilmore, et. al, 2008). The three systems are affected by changes in a person such as when they grow or shrink gains strengths or lose and improve or damage the working parts. Ultimately, the control system integrates improvements or compensate for the deficits. This process continues throughout a person’s life and requires constant coordination of the neuromuscular system which reinforces the need for consistent and efficient exercise (Aaberg, 2006). People receive sensory information about their present environment and feedback to the central nervous system continually. There are three primary sources for sensory information which are from visual input, vestibular input and through Proprioception. Proprioception is the input from peripheral sensory receptors and joint mechanoreceptors. The skin and the cutaneous tissues have sensory receptors that sense changes in pressure and movement of soft tissue. The mechanoreceptors located in the muscles, joints and connective tissues give continual informat ion and feedback on joint position, stability, movement, muscle length, tension and pressure from external and the internal forces. In order to trigger the necessary reflex actions and generate the appropriate motor commands to move, stabilize and control the body, sensory information from all the three sources is processed at different levels of the central nervous system (Aaberg, 2006). Reflex actions are extremely sensitive to specific stimuli and can be trained for higher efficiency. The studies show that the sensory and the motor areas of the adult brain can adapt according to how they are used in five days (Aaberg, 2006). In conclusion, there is growing evidence that lack of physical activity may lead to brain dysfunctions including those that affects the motivational domain (Zelick, 2007). According to Zelick, recent studies have linked brain circuits that regulate feeding, mood, pain, reward, liking and wanting to those regulating physical activity such as exercise, suggesting positive motivation modulating properties of exercise (Zelick, 2007). Emotional and motivational disturbances are related to several common brain disorders such as autism (Zelick, 2007). References Wilmore, J., David L. Costill, D., W. Larry Kenney, W. (2008). Physiology of sport and exercise. Canada: Human Kinetics. Aaberg, E. (2006). Muscle mechanics. New York: Human Kinetics. Zelick, P. (2007). Issues in the Psychology of Motivation. New York: Nova Publishers.

Ethical Issue of Long Work Hours - 1741 Words

Ethical Issue of Long Work Hours Xinyu Zhou Grad 6 Taught by Dr. Mark Smith Introduction Today, long work hours have become a significant issue. For employees’ health and the normal operation of the society system, ethical issue of long work hours should be cared more. Countless evidence shows that long work hours increase the workers’ risks for injury and disease. For instance, a research by American government estimates that long work hours increase the possibilities for injuries by 61%. Also, long work hours can easily cause some diseases such as heart disease, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and over fatigue (Dembe et al., 2005). The diverse effects related to long work hours are also associated†¦show more content†¦Thus, the number of employees whose work schedules are more than the mean of work hours is increasing. At the end of 2004, 26.8% of the U.S. males spent above 50 hours on working every week, almost double the ratio in 1980. (Jacobs Gerson, 2004; Kuhn Lozano, 2005). In addition, many major American corporations has been fined for une thical behaviors associated with long work hours. 32,000 technical and support employees were paid for 65 million by IBM. UPS was fined 87 million because of illegally forcing drivers to work overtime. There are numerous pending cases involving Fedex, Inter, CIBC, Wal-mart and Sprint Nextell that wait for being judged. Since notable increase of ethical problems related long work hours have frequently come to light, these issues need to be solved. The health concerns caused by long work hours Since countless ethical incidents of long work hours have happened, In 2000, university researchers and government departments published several statistics demonstrating the connection between health dangers and long work hours. Enough evidence indicated that long work hours have a negative impact on the health of employees. A growing level of fatigue that caused by the increasing work hours induces greater pressure. 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Agriculture of Pakistan Free Essays

Agriculture is a vital sector of Pakistan’s economy and accounted for 25.9 percent of GDP in 1999-2000, according to government estimates. The sector directly supports three-quarters of the country’s population, employs half the labor force , and contributes a large share of foreign exchange earnings. We will write a custom essay sample on Agriculture of Pakistan or any similar topic only for you Order Now The main agricultural products are cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, and vegetables, in addition to milk, beef, mutton, and eggs. Pakistan depends on one of the world’s largest irrigation systems to support production. There are 2 principal seasons. Cotton, rice, and sugarcane are produced during the kharif season, which lasts from May to November. Wheat is the major rabi crop, which extends from November to April. The key to a much-needed improvement of productivity lies in a more efficient use of resources, principally land and water. However, change is dependent on the large landowners who own 40 percent of the arable land and control most of the irrigation system, which makes widespread reform difficult. Assessments by independent agencies, including the World Bank, show these large landholdings to be very unproductive. Pakistan is a net importer of agricultural commodities. Annual imports total about US$2 billion and include wheat, edible oils, pulses, and consumer foods. Pakistan is one of the world’s largest producers of raw cotton. The size of the annual cotton crop—the bulk of it grown in Punjab province—is a crucial barometer of the health of the overall economy, as it determines the availability and cost of the main raw material for the yarn-spinning industry, much of which is concentrated around the southern port city of Karachi. Official estimates put the 1999-2000 harvest at some 11.2 million 170-kilogram bales, compared with the 1998-99 outturn of 8.8 million bales and the record 12.8 million bales achieved in 1991-92. The government recently actively intervened in the market to boost prices and to encourage production. A major problem is that the cotton crop is highly susceptible to adverse weather and pest damage, which is reflected in crop figures. After peaking at 2.18 million tons in 1991-92, the lint harvest has since fluctuated considerably, ranging from a low of 1.37 million tons in 1993-94 to a high of 1.9 milli on tons in 1999-2000. The 2000-01 wheat crop was forecast at a record 19.3 million tons, compared to 17.8 million tons produced during the previous year. This increase is due largely to favorable weather and a 25-percent increase in the procurement price to about US$135 per ton. About 85 percent of the crop is irrigated. Despite the record production, Pakistan will continue to be a major wheat importer. The government has imported an average of US$2.4 million annually over the past 5 years. The United States and Australia are the major suppliers. Demand for wheat is increasing from Pakistan’s rapidly growing population as well as from cross-border trade with Afghanistan. Pakistan is a major rice exporter and annually exports about 2 million tons, or about 10 percent of world trade. About 25 percent of exports is Pakistan’s famous fragrant Basmati rice. Rice is Pakistan’s second leading source of export earnings. Private traders handle all exports. Pakistan’s main competitors in rice trade are Thailand, Vietnam, and India. Tobacco is grown mainly in the North-West Frontier Province and Punjab and is an important cash crop . Yields in Pakistan are about twice those for neighboring countries largely due to the extension services provided by the industry. Quality, however, is improving only slowly due to problems related to climate and soil. Farmers have started inter-cropping tobacco with vegetables and sugarcane to increase returns. About half of the total production is used for cigarette manufacturing and the remainder used in traditional ways of smoking (in hand-rolled cigarettes called birris, in water pipes, and as snuff). The share of imported tobacco is increasing gradually in response to an increased demand for high-quality cigarettes. Minor crops account for only 5 percent of total cultivated area; these include oilseeds (sunflower, soybean), chilies, potatoes, and onions. Domestic oilseed production accounts only for about 25 percent of Pakistan total edible oil needs. As a result, Pakistan spends more than US$1 billion annually in scarce foreign exchange to import edible oils, while its oilseed processing industry operates at less than 25 percent of capacity due to an inadequate supply of oilseeds. For 2000-01 total oilseed production was forecast to decrease 10 percent to 3.6 million tons. The government has highlighted development of the oilseed sector as a priority. Pakistan’s fishing industry is relatively modest, but has shown strong growth in recent years. The domestic market is quite small, with per capita annual consumption of approximately 2 kilograms. About 80 percent of production comes from marine fisheries from 2 main areas, the Sindh coast east from Karachi to the Indian border, and the Makran coast of Baluchistan. Ninety percent of the total marine catch is fish; the shrimp which constitute the remainder are prized because of their greater relative value and demand in foreign markets. During 1999-00, total fish production was 620,000 tons, of which 440,000 tons consisted of sea fish and the remainder were fresh-water species. About one-third of the catch is consumed fresh, 9 percent is frozen, 8 percent canned, and about 43 percent used as fish meal for animal food. Livestock accounts for 40 percent of the agricultural sector and 9 percent of the total GDP. Principal products are milk, beef, mutton, poultry, and wool. During 1999, the livestock population increased to 120 million head. That same year Pakistan generated 970,000 tons of beef, 640,000 tons of mutton, and 190,000 tons of poultry. In an effort to enhance milk and meat production, the government recently launched a comprehensive livestock development project with Asian Development Bank assistance. Poultry production provides an increasingly popular low-cost source of protein. Modern poultry production is constrained by high mortality, high incidence of disease, poor quality chicks, and poor quality feed, combined with an inadequate marketing system. Frozen poultry have only recently been introduced. Forests cover an area of 4.2 million hectares or about 5 percent of the total area of Pakistan. The principal forest products are timber, principally for house construction, furniture, and firewood. Many of the country’s wooded areas are severely depleted as a result of over-exploitation. The government has restricted cutting to protect remaining resources—though corruption often jeopardizes environmental efforts—and has lowered duties to encourage imports. Forestry production has since declined from 1.07 million cubic meters in 1990-91 to 475,000 cubic meters in 1998-99. Pakistan imports an estimated US$150 million of wood products annually to meet the requirements of a growing population and rising demand by a wealthy elite. How to cite Agriculture of Pakistan, Essay examples

Media Communication Business Conceptual Art

Question: Describe about the Media Communication for Business Conceptual Art. Answer: The idea about creativity I have investigated is Eccentricity as a form of Art. The article by Deborah Stone is a rather interesting one on the issue of creativity. A major idea that has been presented in this particular article is how todays artists are going the extra mile to appreciate art that could be termed by normal individuals as weird (Maes, 2010; p.124). Stone has used the illustration of the popular music icon, Lady Gaga to determine that artists too can be judged, and not the art itself. Following a number of experiments using both fake and real artists, it was revealed that individuals are more likely to assess art positively when they were told something unusual about the artists appearance of behavior (Goldie Schellekens, 2007; p. 35). It was obvious that weirdness is used as a rule-of-thumb for those who are unsure about art to determine that the art is actually genuine and professional. Stone cites that creativity can be the eccentricity of a given artist, such as what is seen with Lady Gaga. This is how the article defines creativity. In one o f the experiments, Van Goghs Sunflowers were assessed more positively when audiences were told about him chopping off his left ear lobe (Davies, 2004; p. 51). Furthermore, Lady Gagas music was more welcomed when she was depicted as extremely strange. The idea of eccentricity as a form of art is best explained in a speech by artist Dustin Yellin titled, A Journey through the Mind of an Artist on ted.com (Corris 2004; p. 97). Yellin makes attention-grabbing artwork that tells complicated, myth-inspired narratives. In the speech, he describes his idiosyncratic way of perceiving things and thinking. A childhood attraction with boxes and what they contained led Yellin to construct his own boxes of wood-and-resin, then glass with 3-dimensioanl collages dangled within (Osborne, 2002; p.78). To ordinary individuals, this may seem as child play but other artists appreciate this as an innovative and eccentric art. One would also not expect an adult to still play with wooden boxes. This is a good illustration of amazing innovation and challenge. A dangerous idea can be defined as a form of conceptual art in the sense that it values ideas over the visual or official elements of art works (Maes, 2010; p.135). Conceptualists are considered to be extreme artists who are bold enough to go out of the norm. Conceptual artists have managed to redefine the idea of a work of art to the extent that their endeavors are widely welcomed as art by museum curators, gallerists, and collectors. This concept is also considered to be extreme. My exemplar is a dangerous idea because Yellin has made art not to look or appear like a conventional work of art, or even take any physical form at all (Goldie Schellekens, 2007; p. 40). A dangerous idea challenges normal art and pushes its limits by utilizing the least materials and texts. It also aims at leaving a lasting and memorable impression on an audiences mind about what they see. A dangerous idea is compared to conceptualism in the sense that it is said to exist, but only as an idea in the mind. Dangerous ideas are often kept secret up until the person having them reveals them or makes them come to life. Deborah Stone also identifies eccentricity behavior, which can also be compared to a dangerous idea as a deviation from norms. Such deviations can assist with the generation of creative ideas and dangerous ones thus making eccentricity subject to a form of confirmation bias in which individuals expect an unusual artist to be professional since that conforms to their stere otyped image of creative individuals (Davies, 2004; p. 54). The most fundamentally revisionary character of conceptual art is the manner by which it announces itself to be an art of the mind rather than of the senses. Creativity, eccentricity and dangerous ideas tend to reject conventional artistic media since it places the artwork at the level of idea compared to that of objects. However, it should be noted that the pressure of todays artists to be eccentric or unusual is actually a pressure to conform to a stereotype. Weirdness is stereotypically linked to unconventional and high value art (Corris 2004; p. 101). References Corris, M. (ed.). (2004). Conceptual art: Theory, myth, and practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Davies, D. (2004). Art as performance. Oxford: Blackwells. Goldie, P., Schellekens, E. (eds.) (2007). Philosophy and conceptual art. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Maes, H. (2010). Intention, interpretation, and contemporary visual art. British Journal of Aesthetics, 50. Pp. 121 138. Osborne, P. (eds.). (2002). Conceptual art: Themes and movements. London: Phaidon Press.

How Does Jack Become More And More free essay sample

Embroiled Essay, Research Paper Jack, influenced by his household, is going more and more like his household. His household is corrupted and when they lead Jack into their jobs, Jack, as principled but besides bribable, is bit by bit led into the universe of corruptness. Samantha. She bargains and she thinks its all right every bit long as her household members do it, it? s O.K. . Anita. She accepts gifts she didn? T earn uprightly. At the beginning of the drama, before he was corrupted, the idea of a member of the household stealing literally shocked him to decease. He inquiries himself, ? Am I the lone individual who thinks it ( stealing ) is incorrect? ? pg24. He thinks bribing is so dismaying he said, ? I? vitamin D neer do that ( corrupting ) . Never. ? pg19. Another component he thinks is atrocious is blackmail. He says, ? You won? T find me giving to that kind of blackmail. We will write a custom essay sample on How Does Jack Become More And More or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Barely ever. ? pg41. To demo grounds that he does go more and more enmeshed in the universe of corruptness, he begins to believe like a mobster in a rabble by stating, ? money? to pay Mr.Hough? Cliff? s my protection. ? He now think s and Acts of the Apostless like a gangster, since most triad leaders frequently have escorts. By analysing this citation, ? A fillip would be in order. A hard currency bonus. ? pg66, it seems like Jack is utilizing money to work out his jobs. On pg80, he says, ? Anita? s got some friends who? ll acquire rid of him. ? The fact that he said he would acquire person to kill person is already proof that as he gets more and more involved with his household, he grows more and more corrupted. At the beginning, I neer would hold thought Jack would be the? godfather? to the household, since he was the most righteous individual. Jack? s line of morality displacements off from him as he continues to traffic with his household? s concern. The boundaries have been reduced and there is no stating the bounds that would be set. This is because Jack had been improvizing the whole clip and he would endanger his repute for the interest of his household. In decision to this essay, I would state the engagement with his corrupted household has brought Jack to switch his boundary lines so far off from him he doesn? t notice precisely how much the difference is.

Analysis Of Karl Marx And Communism Essays - Political Philosophy

Analysis Of Karl Marx And Communism Essays - Political Philosophy Analysis of Karl Marx and Communism Karl Heinrich Marx was born on May 5, 1818, in the city of Trier in Prussia, now, Germany. He was one of seven children of Jewish Parents. His father was fairly liberal, taking part in demonstrations for a constitution for Prussia and reading such authors as Voltaire and Kant, known for their social commentary. His mother, Henrietta, was originally from Holland and never became a German at heart, not even learning to speak the language properly. Shortly before Karl Marx was born, his father converted the family to the Evangelical Established Church, Karl being baptized at the age of six. Marx attended high school in his home town (1830-1835) where several teachers and pupils were under suspicion of harboring liberal ideals. Marx himself seemed to be a devoted Christian with a ?longing for self-sacrifice on behalf of humanity.? In October of 1835, he started attendance at the University of Bonn, enrolling in non-socialistic-related classes like Greek and Roman mythology and the history of art. During this time, he spent a day in jail for being ?drunk and disorderly-the only imprisonment he suffered? in the course of his life. The student culture at Bonn included, as a major part, being politically rebellious and Marx was involved, presiding over the Tavern Club and joining a club for poets that included some politically active students. However, he left Bonn after a year and enrolled at the University of Berlin to study law and philosophy. Marx?s experience in Berlin was crucial to his introduction to Hegel?s philosophy and to his ?adherence to the Young Hegelians.? Hegel?s philosophy was crucial to the development of his own ideas and theories. Upon his first introduction to Hegel?s beliefs, Marx felt a repugnance and wrote his father that when he felt sick, it was partially ?from intense vexation at having to make an idol of a view [he] detested.? The Hegelian doctrines exerted considerable pressure in the ?revolutionary student culture? that Marx was immersed in, however, and Marx eventually joined a society called the Doctor Club, involved mainly in the ?new literary and philosophical movement? who?s chief figure was Bruno Bauer, a lecturer in theology who thought that the Gospels were not a record of History but that they came from ?human fantasies arising from man?s emotional needs? and he also hypothesized that Jesus had not existed as a person. Bauer was later dismissed from his position by the Prussian government. By 1841, Marx?s studies were lacking and, at the suggestion of a friend, he submitted a doctoral dissertation to the university at Jena, known for having lax acceptance requirements. Unsurprisingly, he got in, and finally received his degree in 1841. His thesis ?analyzed in a Hegelian fashion the difference between the natural philosophies of Democritus and Epicurus? using his knowledge of mythology and the myth of Prometheus in his chains. In October of 1842, Marx became the editor of the paper Rheinische Zeitung, and, as the editor, wrote editorials on socio-economic issues such as poverty, etc. During this time, he found that his ?Hegelian philosophy was of little use? and he separated himself from his young Hegelian friends who only shocked the bourgeois to make up their ?social activity.? Marx helped the paper to succeed and it almost became the leading journal in Prussia. However, the Prussian government suspended it because of ?pressures from the government of Russia.? So, Marx went to Paris to study ?French Communism.? In June of 1843, he was married to Jenny Von Westphalen, an attractive girl, four years older than Marx, who came from a prestigious family of both military and administrative distinction. Although many of the members of the Von Westphalen family were opposed to the marriage, Jenny?s father favored Marx. In Paris, Marx became acquainted with the Communistic views of French workmen. Although he thought that the ideas of the workmen were ?utterly crude and unintelligent,? he admired their camaraderie. He later wrote an article entitled ?Toward the Critique of the Hegelian Philosophy of Right? from which comes the famous quote that religion is the ?opium of the people.? Once again, the Prussian government interfered with Marx and he was expelled from France. He left for Brussels, Belgium, and ,

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 110

Case Study Example Though there is no consensus with many members having dissenting opinions on the capacity of embracing technology to solve their problems at hand. Some of dissenting opinion with being pro technology is the capability that the technology bring, which the chief executive officer so much believe in and has to building trust when the subordinate are under the watch always with the spyware. This presents a problem of mistrust and fear within the company. Trust is needed for the company to be reputable and cooperative. It emerges that the transitioning from the founders of the company to the current CEO of the company did not have more of technology but it advanced. The previous regime based their property on the research that enabled them to know area of opportunity, threats and strength. With such knowledge, it was easy for the company to grow. The root cause of the stalemate and problem was the new chief executive office coming up with almost sudden change. According to research done by Carr & Trahant change is not something that should be done once but introduce slowly to allow people to familiarize with. The new chief executive came with philosophy of embracing technology which appeared to be skewed toward spying employees. This cause discourse within the board. The strategic position has negatively impacted by the problem in a number of ways. First the resistance of being pro technology delays the program. Use of spyware is also observe as absence of trust hence bringing the divisions in the

A Study into the Process of Downsizing and Reengineering Essay - 1

A Study into the Process of Downsizing and Reengineering - Essay Example The business process re-engineering helps companies to restructure their organizations by emphasizing on the design of business processes. The business process can be defined as the tasks which are logically related and a defined business outcome can be achieved by these tasks. The process of re-engineering focuses on the objectives of business by encouraging the recreation of processes in a full scale rather than optimization of sub processes. Business process re-engineering is also called as business transformation, business process redesign and business process change management. Downsizing A concept incorporated into many models of reengineering is downsizing or reduction of staff. It refers to reducing the excess staff members and cut down costs. When it happens, it is required to handle the layoffs in a manner without striking fear into the main employee base. It loses the competitive edge of the company. It creates the employees to wonder for what is going to happen the next. If the majority of problems lie at the top of company, the managers will be the first to be let go. On occurrence of this situation, the new team of business management, in their reengineering efforts, is expected to lead the company forward. Their duty is to get the rest employees of the company with their new line of thinking on board. This participation requires cooperation, trust and commitment from everyone involved in it. Reengineering traits and downsizing To be successful in achieving the goal of downsizing, an internal team of reengineering is required to be formed. If people with different opinions could be selected for the team then chances for success will be greater. It can include such people who are familiar with the internal operations of the company, customers, those having little knowledge in the area and outside consultants. When choosing the members of team from within the company, if people having different areas of expertise could be selected, then the selectio n will be the best. This will facilitate the company to get numerous and diverse ideas from the members of team. It is suggested not to make a team of more than ten; otherwise, the team could become unmanageable. So the team should not get too big. The process of business reengineering can be drastic. The employees within the company can experience emotions like fear, anger, shock, anxiety and denial. Management of the company should be prompt and quick in noticing it and should try to calm such resentment growing within the company. The process of rebirth of organization should be stressed by them. Rather, they should try to create enthusiasm. If they become successful, replacement can be made to the fear of employees with anticipation as they help the company to grow into a competitive entity. The process of reengineering involves reinvention of company from its ground up. It involves abandonment of old habits and adoption of new ones. This should be implemented in rapid motions r ather than in smaller steps as initiating the same with smaller steps can fall back the company into its older habits. This can lead to mergers, liquidations and outsourcing of jobs. At the same time, history of company, relationship with customer, strength of past assets should also be considered.

The effect of background noise on free recall

The effect of background noise on free recall The effect of background noise upon free recall of visually presented words was investigated. A total of 60 participants were recruited for this psychological study. The experimental groups were the speech condition (N=20) and the whale sound condition (N=20) whereas the silent condition (N=20) accounted for the control condition. Participants were randomly assigned to each group. The speech, whale sound and silence accounted for the three levels of independent variable whereas the subjective free recall accounted for the dependent variable. This study formed two hypotheses. Hypothesis one proposed that more words will be recalled in the control condition than in the experimental conditions and hypothesis 2 proposed that fewer words will be recalled in the speech condition than both the whale sound and silent condition. The present investigation employed a between groups design. One way ANOVA showed that participants in the control condition (M = 12.85 SD = 2.97) significantly recall ed more words than the whale sound experimental (M= 9.05 SD =2.13) and the speech conditions (M= 9.65 SD= 3.49) (p= Key words: working memory, free recall, silence, whale sound, speech Investigation into background noise and participants free recall performance Background noise has been established to be among the most notable forms of interference in the in offices and educational settings causing stress and discomfort for workers and learners and affecting performance (Hugh Jones 2001). Background noise from aircraft, road traffic, and trains have all been shown to impair learning (Enmarker, Boman, Hygge 2006; Hygge, 2003; Wible, Nicol, Kraus, 2004 in McNeil). The working memory model proposed by Salame and Baddeley (1990) constitutes of the visuo-spatial system and phonological system, however, the memory system that is concerned with verbal visual and auditory presentation is the phonological store. The phonological store, together with the process of articulatory rehearsal constitutes what is unknown as the phonological loop (Gisselgard, Petersson, Baddeley Ingvar, 2003). Prominent psychologists have investigated the phenomenon of background noise and its interference with the working memory processes and recall impairment. For example, Salame Baddeley (1982 in Gisselgard, Petersson, Baddeley Ingvar, 2003) argued of the irrelevant speech effect which refers to a reduction in the immediate recall of lists of presented items when irrelevant auditory material is presented together with the items to be memorized (Gisselgard et al, 2003). Salame and Baddeley argued that irrelevant sound effect interferes with the temporary storage of verbal material within a phonological input store of limited capacity (Gisselgard, 2003). Jones (2004) also argues that auditory verbal stimuli have direct access to phonological system whereas visual verbal has indirect access whereas the visual verbal stimuli endeavour a process of sub vocalization before passing through the articulatory suppression system. (Jones, Macken Nicholls (2004: the phonological store of working memory). Other psychologists argue that the irrelevant speech will interfere with the representations of list items if and only they are being held within the phonological store. However, during the rehearsal process (articulatory suppression), the irrelevant sound effect may be abolished (Gisselgard, Petersson, Baddeley Ingvar, 2003), therefore not impairing word recall. Beaman Jones (1998) acknowledge that one of the earliest explanations produced for the irrelevant sound effect was the acoustic primary memory masking hypothesis (Colle Welsh, 1976) which postulates that irrelevant auditory stimuli have the action of masking phonologically recoded visual stimuli in an acoustic primary memory store. According to this approach, the items lose their distinctiveness by being masked, making their retrieval difficult (Beaman Jones, 1998). Banbury, Macken, Trenblay Jones (2001), on the contrary, argue that as the memory task and irrelevant speech are presented in different sensory modalities, the effect cannot be attributed to some kind of interference (or masking) at sensory level as suggested by Colle and Welsh( 1976). Instead they argue that this disruption must be attributable to: A confluence of processing from the ear and the eye at some level beyond the sensory organs; this can be explained as a breakdown in attentional selectivity. Despite the intent of the person to concentrate on the memory task, the irrelevant sound intrudes therefore impairing recall. (Banbury, Macken, Trenblay Jones, 2001) Banbury, Macken, Trenblay Jones (2001) suggest that interference results from the similarity of events represented in memory, a phenomenon known as phonological similarity. One subtype proposes that the disruption is based on a conflict of content between what is seen and what is heard. This may be through similarity (phonological similarity) in the identity of the irrelevant sound to the items being rehearsed (Salame Baddely 1982 in Banbury, Macken, Trenblay Jones 2001) through shared temporal cues or through degree of overlap of modality-independent features in the irrelevant speech with the items in the visually presented to-be-recalled list (Neath, 2000 in Banbury, Macken, Trenblay Jones 2001). The phonological similarity is particularly relevant in this study as a back ground speech by Martin Luther King, in English will be employed and administered in the background. It is worthy of acknowledgement that irrelevant sound hypothesis has been predominately investigated for serial recall (Lecompte, 1994 Beaman Jones, 1998). The irrelevant speech effect has been found to effect and disrupt the learning of list of words in a sequential order and Salame and Baddeley (1990) did establish that background noise was disruptive. However, free recall has also found to be affected by the irrelevant sound (Beaman Jones 1998). In light of this, the present study will investigate the irrelevant sound hypothesis through assessing free recall of subjects. Moreover, Studies (Beaman Jones, 1998 have shown that the irrelevant sound effect does equally effect serial or free recall, without distinction. For example, in testing the free recall and the irrelevant speech effect, Lecompte (1994) study found that a) irrelevant speech inhibited free recall more than white noise. In addition Lecompte (1994) had found an effect on irrelevant sound on free recall in four cond itions (Lecompte, 1994). This is also supported and acknowledged by Beaman Jones (1998). The present study will be employing whale sound as one of the independent variables although animal sound with relation to memory recall impairment have been investigated by Neath Surprenant (2000) (the nature of remembering) In other studies, the irrelevant speech effect was not found in free recall (Salame Baddeley, 1990 in Lecompte, 1994). Although there is substantial research which has found that noise disrupts learning, there is however some other investigations which established that background noise had a facilitative effect on learning as oppose to a detrimental effect dependent upon the level and frequency of the noise and subjective ratings of levels for interference (Hughes Jones, 2001). It is noteworthy that although Salame and Baddeley (1989) used Japanese speech in the background which accounted for the irrelevant speech the present study will use English Martin Luther King speech. Use of English narrative as an independent variable has also been investigated. For example, Jones, Miles and Page (1990 in Jones, Madden Miles, 1992) performed an investigation in which forward, reversed (English narrative) and Welsh (narrative) irrelevant speech were contrasted. Each produced a large and almost identical effect on the recall of consonant strings. In another study (in Jones, Madden Miles, 1992) irrelevant Italian and English produced a similar degree of impairment (Morris, Jones Quayle., 1989 in ibid) the psychologists argue that the phonological similarity effect isnt the cause of poorer recall as Salame and Baddeley (1989 in Jones, Madden Miles, 1992) have argued. The aforementioned mentioned study by Jones et al (1990) demonstrates that background speech which is similar to the language of the listener will be equally disruptive when compared to other languages such as Welsh. Oswald et al (2000 in Hughes Jones, 2001: the intrusiveness of sound) tested participants comprehension of sentences of meaningful speech, meaningless speech and in quiet. They found that performance was worse in both speech conditions relative to quiet, but most noticeably, meaningful speech was more disruptive than meaningless speech. This study therefore supports Salame and Baddeley (1990) similar phonological effect hypothesis with relation to interference and disruption, which will also form one of the hypothesis for the present study. Amidst the scope of studies already performed in the domains of irrelevant sound effect and its effect upon the phonological working memory, this present study too, aims to investigate whether or not the background speech and whale sound will impair recall for words presented visually. Method Participants A total of 60 participants were recruited for this psychological research. Each of the eight investigators for this study recruited eight participants. The control or silent condition comprised of 20 participants, the whale sound condition comprised on 20 participants and the Martin Luther King speech condition comprised of 20 participants. All these participants were randomly assigned to each of the eight investigators. All of the participants were over 18 and no other demographic variable such as specific age group or gender was considered in this present study. The participants were either related or associated with the investigators. Design variables A between subjects experiment design was employed. Participants were randomly allocated to each group. This study used one independent variable with three levels of background noise which were silent, speech, and whale sound. The silent condition was the control condition whereas the speech and whale sound were the experimental conditions. The dependent variable is the number of words correctly recalled by the groups. The noise level of the speech and whale sound was 66 -70 decibels. The present study employed the free recall methodology. Hypotheses Recall of words will be higher for the silent (control) condition than the whale sound and speech sound (experimental) conditions. This accounts for hypothesis 1. The recall of words will be lower in the speech sound condition compared to both the whale and silent conditions to investigate the phonological similarity effect and its effect of interference with information processing and recall. This therefore accounts for hypothesis 2. Stimuli and materials Martin Luther King speech (experimental condition 1); Whale sound (experimental condition2); Silence (Control condition); 20 words were selected from the Toronto Word Pool with neutral but similar levels of concreteness and imaginability. The lower level of imaginability and concreteness ranged from 1 to 3 and high ranged from 5 to 9 but the words selected were at level 4.font was Ariel size 12. The format of the words was a visual presentation of in a list form. Procedure Participants were briefed and informed consent was obtained prior to commencement of experimentation. In the silent (control) condition the participants were presented with the words. Participants learned the words for 3 minutes. Participants were then given a further 3 minutes to recall the words followed by debrief. In experimental (1) whale sound and experimental (2) speech conditions participants were presented with words and were allowed 3 minutes to learn the words accompanied with either background whale sound or speech. A further 3 minutes were given for the written free recall of words followed by debrief. In the brief the participants were informed of the whale and speech background noise, neither any approach to learn the words was mentioned. Other background interferences and auditory disruptions, other than the intended noise were kept to a minimum. Results The effect of background sound (silent, speech, whale sound) on recall of words was examined using one-way subjects ANOVA. It was expected that participants in the silent condition would recall more words than the participants in the speech and whale sound condition. The mean scores revealed that more words were recalled in the silent condition (12.85 SD = 2.97). There was almost equal number of words recalled in the whale sound (M= 9.05 SD=2.13) and the speech condition (M=9.65 SD=3.49). There was significant difference between the recall scores of the control and experimental conditions F (2, 57) = 9.748, p0.05). Participants in the speech condition recalled significantly less than the silent condition (Mean difference = -3.2 p=0.05). Therefore this experiment supports the hypothes1 and therefore the null hypothesis will be rejected. Lower recall in the speech condition compared to the silent but similar levels of recall compared to the whale sound condition partially supports hypo thesis 2. Condition Recall N Mean Standard Deviation Silent 20 12.85 2.97 Whale 20 9.05 2.13 Speech 20 9.65 3.49 Total 60 10.51 3.33 Table 1 shows the mean score for each group together with their standard deviations. The silent condition recalled the most number of words and the whale and speech conditions scoring the similar number of words. Sound Sound Mean Difference Sig. Alpha 0.05 Silent Whale 3.80 0.00 speech 3.20 0.00 whale Silent -3.8 0.00 Speech -.60 0.79 speech Silent -.32 0.03 whale .6 0.79 Table 2 Multiple comparisons showing the scores of each group, inclusive of mean difference and their significance. There is a significantly larger difference between Silent compared to whale and speech conditions. There is a significant difference between whale and silent condition but not with speech condition. There is a significant difference between speech and silent but not with the whale condition. This test supports hypothesis 1 expected the recall for words in the control condition to be higher than the experimental thus supporting the experimental hypothesis and rejecting the null hypothesis. However, there is not a significant difference between the speech and whale noise condition therefore as fewer words were recalled in the speech condition compared to the silent condition and assessing that there is not a significance recall difference when compared to the whale noise condition only partially supports hypothesis 2. Recall Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. ÃŽÂ ·p2 Between Groups 166.933 2 83.46 9.74 0.000 0.25 Within Groups 488.050 57 8.56 Total 654.983 59 Table 3 is showing the between and within groups mean scores and shows that the differences between the groups is significant (p= Discussion This present study attempted to investigate the effect of background sound on recall for words. The investigation manifested that overall the recall for the control (silent) condition was higher than the experimental (whale sound and speech) conditions. Therefore is supportive of the hypothesis 1 of this study and of the irrelevant sound hypothesis, and therefore rejecting the null hypothesis. The minor partial eta square effect is also noteworthy showing that the independent variables did not greatly affect the participants recall of words. In relation to the phonological similarity effect due to the administration of English words and English speech, it was found that articulatory suppression in the speech condition did not abolish the phonological similarity effect as well as the irrelevant speech effect which are known to impair the processing and retrieval of visually presented words. This is evident through lower production of words in the Speech condition. Therefore this study has supported the phonological similarity effect and its impairing effects upon processing visually similar verbal information. This investigation has shown that the practice of rehearsal or articulatory suppression did not abolish the both the phonological similarity effect and the irrelevant sound effect. The abolishment the phonological similarity hypothesis through articulatory suppression is well documented by Gisselgard, Petersson, Baddeley Ingvar (2003). The findings of these results can therefore be extended to the wider world where people are reading verbal information and listening to verbal auditory concurrently, albeit individual differences can also be taken into consideration. It was acknowledged that hypothesis 2 was partially supported because even though significantly fewer words were recalled in the speech condition than the silent condition but the difference is not statistically significant when compared to the whale sound condition. This finding is therefore also interesting as animal whale noise had equal level of disruption than human verbal speech. Despite the interesting findings, this study however, does have some limitations. This present study didnt take into consideration other individual variables such as age, gender. Considering these variables could yield further complimentary or contradictory results which could be subjected to empirical analysis. In a study performed by Ellermeier Zimmer (1997) individual difference was found with relation to susceptibility to the irrelevant speech effect. One study demonstrated that males and females perform differently in the presence of music when undertaking different tasks and exercises (Miller Schyb, 1989). In future studies, demographic variables and specific sample can be considered to ensure more reliable and valid results. Moreover, this present study did not take vocal or instrumental music as an independent measure and variable, although these variables may also be critical. Therefore, in future studies the inclusion of music condition and how background music facilitate s and impairs learning can also be considered. Hillard and Tolin (1975), for example, showed that if the background music was well-known to the subject, they performed better on the given task than when unknown music was present. The domains of familiarity and unfamiliarity of music can therefore, also be explored. Moreover, in another study, the psychoacoustics found that music that contained speech had significant detrimental effects on the participants ability to perform tasks (Martin, Wogalter Forlano, 1988). Extensive studies can be performed in light of all of the aforementioned variables.

Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Essay -- classic story, literar

Based on the classic Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, Roman, Julie, and Friends displays a new theme on becoming friends with children of all genders, even if it is not expected or allowed by their friends. There were many changes made to create a story that resembled Romeo and Juliet but also changed the meaning to a more positive and age appropriate moral. For example some of the original characters are resembled in the remediation, while others were completely new for the purpose of the new plot. The classic play was changed to a children’s book to provide a positive message to children by using pictures and designs that would suit a child’s liking. The design of the book was happy and cheerful, with basic pictures that resemble the words but are similar to the other pictures in the book. The book also uses ethos, logos, and pathos to sell the moral of the story. Ethos is mainly used by the creditability of Shakespeare. While pathos is the ability for the rea der to connect with the characters personalities and stories. Logos is used by providing the child realize that friends can be any gender or personalities, but if given the chance a friend can be found in anyone. The target audience is for children around the reading level of 3, with the purpose being the idea that children can become friends with children of any gender. The target audience for this remediation is children around the ages of 5-8 at a reading level of 3. The purpose of this remediation is the idea that a classic story can be changed to suit the views of a child. This story tells about how children should not judge other children based on their gender, but on their personalities and similarities. The book mainly uses stereotypical versions of boys and... ... ethos from taking a classic, well-known play and changing some details while still keeping the overall credit of the play. While using also using pathos as the main element to convince the child reading the book that any relationship can be formed if given the chance, while also using logos by providing the child with the facts that each of the child found a similarity between them and became friends. The design showed accurate visual images of the words while the cover displayed a happy ending. All the changes were used to display the differences in others and how friendships can be made if there is no judgment but acceptance of differences and looked at the personality. Overall the changes were made to appeal to a child instead of an older audience like Romeo and Juliet. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. Romeo and Juliet. New York: Penguin Books, 1998. Print.

Apple Inc. Historical Analysis

Part A- Historical Analysis: A. Business In: Apple Inc. is engaged in designing, manufacturing and marketing mobile communication and media devices, personal computers and portable digital music players. It also sells a range of related software, services, peripherals, networking solutions, and third-party digital content and applications as well as services and support offerings. Specifically, the company operates in the Technology sector and serves computer hardware, computer software, consumer electronics and digital distribution through the Personal Computers industry.Technology: Apple sells its products worldwide through its retail stores, online stores, and direct sales force, as well as through third-party cellular network carriers, wholesalers, retailers and resellers. The Company sells to consumers both mid and small- sized businesses, education, enterprise and government customers. Apple Inc. manages its business primarily on geographic basis. †¢ Reportable operational business segments include: Americas, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Retail. o Americas Segment: include both North and South America. Europe Segment: includes European countries as well as Middle East and Africa. o Asia-Pacific Segment: includes Australia and Asian countries; other than Japan. o Retail Segment: operates Apple’s retail stores worldwide. †¢ As of September 24, 1011, Apple Inc. had 357 retail stores, including 245 stores in the United States and 112 stores Internationally. Apple Incorporated NAICS Codes:2 334111- Electronic Computer Manufacturing 334119- Computer Peripheral Equipment Manufacturing 511210- Software Publishers Financials: See Appendix A: Historical Financial DataB. Goal Clarification & Strategies and Tactics Used to Fulfill Goals: Values and/ or Guiding Principles important to Apple’s innovation strategy: 1. Be Your Own Toughest Critic †¢ As the ‘Father of Management’, Peter Drucker once noted, â€Å"Your being the one who makes your products, process, or service obsolete is the only way to prevent your competitor from doing so. † With this strategy in mind, besides from just beating competitors, Apple Inc. ’s success comes mainly from its attempts to beat itself. 2. Lead Customers; Don’t Follow them Apple Inc. distinguishes itself, as a business that creates those alternatives implying that customers cant tell you what they want from a product. 3. Focus on the Few and Sell to the Many †¢ Apple Inc. is focused on selling a few products in each category rather than those companies who sell dozens of models at once. Instead of trying to satisfy every single consumers tastes, Apple Inc. narrows it down and appeals to a broader group of consumers. 4. Institutionalize your Creativities †¢ With the passing of Steve Jobs, Apple Inc. as seemed to hold and treat his values so that Apple Inc. could be far less dependent on him. †¢ Environmental Guiding Principles 1) à ¢â‚¬Å"Meet or exceed all applicable environmental, health, and safety requirements. We will evaluate our EHS performance by monitoring ongoing performance results and conducting periodic management reviews. † 2) â€Å"Communicate environmental, health, and safety policy and programs to Apple employees and stakeholders† 3) â€Å"Design, manage, and operate our facilities to maximize safety, promote energy efficiency and protect the environment† ) â€Å"Strive to create products that are safe in their intended use, conserve energy and materials, and prevent pollution throughout the product life cycle, including design manufacture, use, and end of life management. C. Environmental Analysis †¢ Integrated Brand Promotion is a way of life now. Social acceptance lays in people’s materialistic possessions. o Being the leader in trends, advertising and promoting correctly, and staying ahead of customer wants is key to successful businesses in the technology i ndustry. Patent Laws o Patent laws are good for technology companies because they protect intellectual property. Companies with sufficient funds to patent anything and everything come out ahead of the game. But recent concerns over the licensing on patents for technology has led to a review of the patent process. If patent laws change, Technology companies may only be able to protect their intellectual property for a shorter amount of time that leads to a change in the technology industry’s business processes. Global markets for the products and services are highly competitive and subject to rapid technological change. If companies are unable to compete effectively in these markets, their financial condition and operating results could be materially adversely affected. o To remain competitive and stimulate customer demand, companies must successfully manage frequent product introductions and transitions. †¢ Global Economic Conditions Could Materially Adversely Affect the Industry o The Personal Computer Industry’s operating and performance epends significantly on the economic conditions worldwide. Uncertainty in global economic conditions pose risks as consumers and businesses alike cut/postpone spending in response to tighter credit, unemployment, negative financial news, and/ or decline in asset values or real wealth. †¢ Wars, Trade-laws, Outsourcing and International Business o With many companies outsourcing both product manufacturing and logistical service jobs, wars, trade-laws and international business can adversely be affected if negative factors arise. Transportation costs could significantly increase as well as taxes on the outsourcing of jobs. o Outsourcing of jobs eliminates direct control over production and distribution. D. Competitive Analysis: The markets for the Apple Inc. ’s products and services are highly competitive and are confronted by aggressive competition in all areas of its business. Its markets are ch aracterized by frequent product introductions and rapid technological advancements. Apple Inc. s main competitive factors include price, product features, relative price/performance, product quality and reliability, design innovation, a strong third=[arty software and peripherals ecosystem, marketing and distribution capability, service and support, and corporate reputation. These markets are characterized by frequent product introductions and rapid technological advances that have substantially increased the capabilities and use of mobile communication and media devices, personal computers, and other digital electronic devices.The Company’s future financial condition and operating results depend on the Company’s ability to continue to develop and offer new innovative products and services in each of the markets it competes in. Industry Competitors: Direct Competitors: †¢ Hewlett-Packard Company (HPQ) HP is a leading global provider of products, technologies, soft ware, solutions and services to individual consumers, small- and medium-sized businesses and large enterprises, including customers in the government, health and education sectors.HP offers personal computing and other access devices, multi-vendor customer services, infrastructure technology and business process outsourcing. They also provide technology support and maintenance, application development and support services as well as consulting and integration services. HP also offers imaging and printing-related products and services; and enterprise information technology infrastructure, including enterprise storage and server technology, networking products and solutions, IT management software, information management solutions and security intelligence/risk. Research in Motion Limited (RIMM) Research In Motion Limited designs, manufactures, and markets wireless solutions for the mobile communications market worldwide. It provides platforms and solutions for access to information, including email, voice, instant messaging, short message service, Internet and Intranet-based browsing, and multimedia content through developing integrated hardware, software, and services.It also offers development platform that allow third party commercial and enterprise software developers to build and deploy custom applications to run on BlackBerry smartphones, and various products and technologies to third party developers, wireless carriers, and enterprise customers to develop distribute and manage these applications, as well as a range of software development tools. In addition, the company provides the BlackBerry Messenger Social Apps Platform; and push, payments, advertising, location, analytics, and score loop services, as well as the BlackBerry App World to discover and download/purchase of applications.Further, it offers BlackBerry Enterprise Server tools and technologies that enable secure and managed provisioning of applications; BlackBerry Enterprise App World that a llows employees access to a catalogue of applications; and repair and maintenance services. The company sells its BlackBerry wireless solutions through global wireless communications carriers and third party distribution channels. Research In Motion Limited was founded in 1984 and is headquartered in Waterloo, Canada. Motion Limited †¢ Google Inc. (GOOG) Google Inc. a technology company, maintains an index of Web sites and other online content for users, advertisers, and Google network members and other content providers. It offers AdWords, an auction-based advertising program; AdSense program, which enables Web sites that are part of the Google Network to deliver ads from its AdWords advertisers; Google Display, a display advertising network that comprises the videos, text, images, and other interactive ads; DoubleClick Ad Exchange, a real-time auction marketplace for the trading of display ad space; and YouTube that provides video, interactive, and other ad formats for advert isers.The company also provides Google Mobile that optimizes Google’s applications for mobile devices in browser and downloadable form, as well as enables advertisers to run search ad campaigns on mobile devices; and Google Local that provides local information on the Web.In addition, it offers Android, an open source mobile software platform; Google Chrome OS, an open source operating system; Google Chrome, a Web browser; Google+ to share different things online with different people; Google TV, a platform for the consumers to use the television and the Internet on a single screen; and Google Books platform to discover, search, and consume content from printed books online. Further, the company provides Google Apps, a cloud computing suite of message and collaboration tools, which primarily includes Gmail, Google Docs, Google Calendar, Google translate, and Google Sites; Search Appliance, a search echnology for use within enterprises; Google Site Search, a custom search engi ne; Google Commerce Search for online retail enterprises; Google Maps Application Programming Interface for businesses; and Google Earth Enterprise, a firewall software solution for imagery and data visualization. Competitors: Computer Hardware: †¢ Dell Inc. (DELL) Dell is a global information technology company that offers its customers a broad range of solutions and services delivered directly by Dell and through other distribution channels.Dell Inc. is focused on providing technology solutions that are more efficient, more accessible, and easier to manage. Dell Inc. is a holding company that conducts its business worldwide through its subsidiaries. Dell built its reputation as a leading technology provider through listening to customers and developing solutions that meet customer needs. A few years ago, Dell Inc. initiated a broad transformation of the company to become an end-to-end technology solutions company.They are expanding their enterprise solutions, which include se rvers, networking, and storage offerings. †¢ International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) International Business Machines Corporation was incorporated on June 16, 1911, as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Co. , a consolidation of the Computing Scale Co. of America, the Tabulating Machine Co. and The International Time Recording Co. of New York. IBM has focused on the intersection of business insight and technological innovation, and its operations and aims have been international in nature.The company creates business value for clients and solves business problems through integrated solutions that leverage information technology and deep knowledge of business processes. IBM solutions typically create value by reducing a client's operational costs or by enabling new capabilities that generate revenue. †¢ Cisco Systems Inc. (CSCO) Cisco Systems, Inc. designs, manufactures, and sells Internet protocol (IP) based networking and other products related to the communicatio ns and information technology industries worldwide.It offers switching products, including fixed-configuration and modular switches, and storage products that provide connectivity to end users, workstations, IP phones, access points, and servers, as well as function as aggregators on local-area networks and wide-area networks; and routers that interconnects public and private IP networks for mobile, data, voice, and video applications. The company also provides set-top boxes; cable modem CPE products, such as data, EMTA, and gateways; cable modem termination systems products; videoscape software products; and headend equipment, which include encoders, decoders, and transcoders.In addition, it offers collaboration products comprising IP phones, call center and messaging products, unified communications infrastructure products, and Web-based collaborative offerings, as well as telepresence systems that integrates voice, video, data, and mobile applications on fixed and mobile networks ; and security products consisting of firewall, intrusion prevention, remote access, virtual private networks, unified clients, network admission control, Web gateways, and email gateways, which deliver identity, network, and content security solutions for mobile, collaborative, and cloud-enabled businesses.Further, the company provides wireless products, such as wireless access points, controllers, antennas, and integrated management solutions; data center products, which include blade and rack servers, fabric interconnects, and server access virtualization; and home networking and other networking products. Additionally, it offers technical support services; and responsive, preventive, and consultative support services for its technologies. †¢ Xerox Corp. (XRX)Xerox Corporation provides business process and information technology (IT) outsourcing, and document management services worldwide. Its business process outsourcing services include human resources services; finance an d accounting services; healthcare payers and pharma; customer management solutions; healthcare provider solutions; technology-based transactional services for retail, travel, and non-healthcare insurance companies; programs for federal, state, county, and town governments; transportation solutions; and government healthcare solutions.The company is involved in designing, developing, and delivering IT solutions, such as comprehensive systems support, systems administration, database administration, systems monitoring, batch processing, data backup, and capacity planning services; telecommunications management services; and desktop services.Its document outsourcing services comprise managed print services that optimize, rationalize, and manage the operation of Xerox and non-Xerox print devices; and communication and marketing services that deliver design, communication, marketing, logistic, and distribution services through SMS, Web, email, and mobile, as well as print media. The comp any also manufactures and sells products, including desktop monochrome, color and compact printers, multifunction printers, copiers, digital printing presses, and light production devices for small/mid-size businesses and large enterprises.In addition, it sells paper, wide-format systems, network integration solutions, and electronic presentation systems. The company sells its products and solutions through its sales force, as well as through a network of independent agents, dealers, value-added resellers, systems integrators, and the Web. F. Strengths and Weaknesses of the Organization Strengths: 1) Pioneer of innovation and high-tech quality products. 2) Globally recognized Brand Name/ Brand Image. ) Large segmentation of loyal customers. 4) Amazingly strong Research and Development team. 5) Eye-catching products and experience of Apple’s software both in hands and in Retail stores. 6) Strong presences in education segments. 7) Corporate culture passed down by former CEO an d Founder, Steve Jobs. Weakness 1) Technological products of Apple’s have extremely short lifecycles, this implies that the development and production of new products and services has to be constant. ) Low presence in advertising. Opportunities 1) Great relationship through joint venture with other big companies. 2) Consistent growth in innovation and technology. 3) More international expansion. 4) Increase demand of online retail as well as applications and services. 5) Growing market of â€Å"Green† and energy efficient products. Threats 1) Competition 2) Expensive quality products compared to competitors products. 3) The death of Steve Jobs. ) High product substitution effect in innovative and competitive technology markets. Historical Financial Data: As of June , 2012, Apple Inc. had total sales of $108,249,000 and a net income of $25,922,000. Summary information by Geographic Region for three years ended September 24, 2011(in millions): Net Sales by Geographic Reg ion Segmentation1 2011 2010 2009 America | $38,315 |$24,498 |$18,981 | | Europe |27,778 |18,692 |11,810 | | Japan |5,437 |3,981 |2,279 | | Asia-Pacific |22,592 |8,256 |3,179 | | Retail |14,127 |9,798 |6,656 | | Total: |$108,249 |$65,225 |$42,905 |Summary information by Product division for three years ended September 24, 2012 (in millions): Segment Operating Income by Geographic Region Segmentation1 2011 2010 2009 | America | $13,538 |$7,590 |$6,658 | | Europe |11,528 |7,524 |4,296 | | Japan |2,481 |1,846 |961 | | Asia-Pacific |9,587 |3,647 1,100 | | Retail |3,344 |2,364 |1,677 | | Segment |$40,478 |$22,971 |$14,692 | |Operating- Income: | | | | a) Does not include segment assets nor depreciation, amortization and accretion. A reconciliation of the Company’s segment operating income and expenses for the three years ended September 24, 2011 (in millions): Total Operating Income 2011 2010 2009 Segment Operating Income | $40,478 |$22,971 |$14,692 | | Other corporate expenses (a) |(5,520) |(3,707) |(2,242) | |Share-based compensation expense |(1,168) |(879) |(710) | | Total |$33,790 |$18,385 |$47,501 | |Operating- Income: | | | | a) Other corporate expenses include research and development, corporate marketing expenses, manufacturing costs and variances not included in standard cost, and other separately managed general and administrative expenses. [pic] [pic] Not Sure if Needed: Apple Inc. also manages its business on product divisions. †¢ Reportable operational product divisions include: o Desktops ? Including iMac, Mac mini, Mac Pro and Xserve product lines. o Portables ? Includes MacBook, MacBook Air and MacBook pro product lines. o iPod o Other music related products and services ? Includes sales from the iTunes Store, App Store, and iBookstore in addition to sales of iPod services and Apple-branded and third-party iPod accessories. o iPhone and related products and services. Includes revenue recognized from iPhone sales, carrier agreements, servi ces, and Apple-branded and third-party iPhone accessories. o iPad and related products and services ? Includes revenue recognized from iPad sales, services and Apple-branded and third-party iPad accessories. o Peripherals and other hardware ? Includes sales of displays, wireless connectivity and networking solutions, and other hardware accessories. o Software, services and other sales. ? Includes sales from the Mac App Store in addition to sales of other Apple-branded and third-party Mac software and Mac and Internet service. Summary information by Product division for three years ended September 24, 2012 (in millions): 2011 2010 2009 Net Sales by Product1 Desktops |$6,439 |$6,201 |$4,324 | |Portables |15,344 |11,278 |9,535 | | Total Mac: |21,783 |17,479 |13,859 | |iPod |7,453 |8,274 |8,091 | |Other music related products and|6,314 |4,948 |4,036 | |services | | | | |iPhone and related products and |47,057 |25,179 |13,033 | |services | | | | |iPad and related products and |20,358 |4, 958 |0 | |services | | | | |Peripherals and other hardware |2,330 |1,814 |1,475 | |Software, Service and other |2,954 |2,573 |2,411 | |sales | | | | | Total:|$108,249 |$65,225 |$42,905 | | | | | | 2011 2010 2009 Net Income by Product1 |Desktops | | |$ | |Portables | | | | | Total Mac: | | | |iPod | | | | |Other music related products and| | | | |services | | | | |iPhone and related products and | | | | |services | | | | |iPad and related products and | | |- | |services | | | | |Peripherals and other hardware | | | | |Software, Service and other | | | | |sales | | | | | Total:| | |$ | [pic]