Employee performance appraisal theories and techniques

Representative execution examination hypotheses and strategies Execution examination is to survey and assess the exhibition of workers towards the goals of the association. Execution evaluation has now become a significant piece of human asset the board. Execution examination is the reason for other work force programs in a considerable lot of the associations like guiding, pay organization, or faculty arranging. With the decay of professions in association, HRM methods, for example, execution examination has gotten increasingly significant in rousing and controlling the workforce. Evaluation is presently observed by certain pundits as being substantially more noteworthy in keeping up representative unwaveringness and duty than in straightforwardly overseeing execution (Bowles and Coates, 1993). Utilization of execution evaluation gives the director chance to change corporate qualities which are significant instrument in charge process. Accordingly we locate a developing utilization of evaluation frameworks for non-administrative workers that de pend on social, attitudinal and quality traits (Townley, 1989). Representatives are currently being assessed not just on target estimates, for example, participation, profitability and quality yet in addition on emotional estimates, for example, adaptability, dependability and so on execution examination helps in expanding the effectiveness of workforce which thus helps in accomplishing the goals set by an organisation. Execution examination is one of the most significant parts in the orderly methodology of Human Resource Management. Execution examination is the way toward surveying and assessing the presentation of workers as per the goals of the association. Execution evaluation is characterized as a strategy which includes the ordinary utilization of recorded appraisal of an individual㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s execution and potential (Phil Long (1986). Execution Appraisal Revisited. second ed. London: IPM Information and Advisory Services. 5.). An essential point of the presentation evaluation is to gauge the exhibition of a person against the given targets. Execution evaluation incorporates the representatives, the executives, chiefs and the units those are generally dependable in the association. Manual staffs, for example, talented workers and representatives with specialized obligations are likewise dependent upon evaluation. Numerous associations use execution examination in any event, for other f aculty programs, such as directing, compensation organization, advancements or staff arranging and so forth. It goes about as a methods for correspondence between the chief and the sub ordinates required by the organization or association. There are numerous potential employments of execution examination, yet a shrewd client of the procedure will pick among the conceivable outcomes and restrict execution evaluation to those exercises that will meet constrained, explicit objectives (Patricia King (1984). Execution Planning and Appraisal. New York: McGraw-Hill. 7.). Execution evaluation framework helps in estimating the exhibition of people against the set goals of the association and the undertakings gave to an individual, and remunerating them likewise. It is additionally the reason for selecting the new individuals, give input, increment inspiration, recognize potential, study the abilities of the representatives, preparing to be given by the destinations and the work given and let individuals realize that what is normal from them against the association and take care of the activity issues. An adjustment in installment frameworks has additionally helped in development and advancement of execution examination. Prize frameworks and expanded utilization of legitimacy and execution have been related with the improvement of execution evaluation. It would be certain that presentation evaluation rehearses those are working from recent years or so might be viable in numerous associations today. New improvements has diminished the job of execution examination, they currently are being utilized as a measure to accomplish hierarchical goals, significant experimentation and advancement. Actually execution evaluation has gotten all the more wide spread. New types of examinations have additionally been created. Improvement of execution examination: Casual arrangement of execution examination exists insofar as individuals cooperate; assessment of representatives at work is the all inclusive propensity. The historical backdrop of formal arrangement of execution evaluation is short. With the new improvements execution evaluation has become a significant component of human asset the executives. Wide scopes of techniques are utilized to lead the presentation examinations, for example, from positioning plans and competency based frameworks to complex behaviourally tied down rating plans. Execution appraisal㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s nature is for the most part dependent on the targets of the executives and the accessible assets for duty. More straightforward positioning and rating plans are received by the little associations with constrained HR skill, where as plans, for example, competency based and 360o examination are embraced by the bigger associations. The greater part of the administrations utilize just one kind of evaluation framewo rk. A few associations give the decision to workers about strategies by they way they ought to be evaluated. Scarcely any associations embrace numerous frameworks to isolate reward and non reward parts of examination and various frameworks to various word related gatherings and various pieces of the association. Examination Systems: Examination framework details the audit some portion of the exhibition cycle. Examination frameworks are structured on a focal premise by work force work, every chief assess the exhibition of their staff on a yearly, six-month to month or even quarterly premise. Generally examination framework has been pertinent to the staff those are in higher administration and administrative positions, yet with new improvements it has additionally appropriate even to the administrative staff and secretarial staff. Examination frameworks are been material in all the pieces of the association for the better execution of the workers. It will in general survey the presentation of the workers and prize them as needs be. Examination framework can be utilized to recognize the issues and improve current execution, give input. It likewise can be utilized to set the association destinations, give data to the HR work force, determination process and as a prize or disciplines. Evaluation can be separated into three classes, reward audits, possible surveys, and execution surveys, and the examination framework ought to fulfill in any event one of those. Director ought to be exceptionally cautious in inspecting the basic role of the examination framework. Source: www.rose.edu/personnel/bperryman/f6.pdf Execution Appraisal Methods and Techniques: The procedures to assess the presentation evaluation can be gathered into three classifications: Comparative, Absolute and Outcome or Result-arranged. Near Methods: These procedures help in assessment the presentation of the representatives in a work gathering. Three primary systems which are utilized in execution decisions are matched examinations, raking and constrained dissemination. Combined examinations: In this strategy appraiser thinks about the pair of people, rating which worker is better. This could be founded on the general execution of the activity or one explicit quality. A position request is acquired from the occasions every individual is chosen as the better of a couple (Phil Long (1986). Execution Appraisal Revisited. second ed. London: IPM Information and Advisory Services). Positioning: Rater requires posting the gathering of people and positioning them as indicated by the legitimacy from best to most noticeably awful. In this strategy a solitary presentation characteristic is utilized to assess the general execution of representatives towards the targets. Constrained appropriation: This methodology consolidates both combined correlations and positioning strategies. People get a rating and furthermore doled out to classifications as per foreordained appropriation. Outright Methods: This technique assesses the presentation of a person by reference to measures of execution. Strategies incorporate account approach, realistic or characteristic rating scales, basic episodes and social tied down rating scales. Story Approach: This technique depicts the individual㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s work execution and conduct in the expressions of appraiser. The appraiser portrays the qualities, shortcomings and capability of an individual and furthermore recommend for enhancements that are required. Appraiser can clarify as exposition or composed report. Account methods have the advantage that they can clarify and give data with respect to the individual㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s execution. Attribute Rating Scales: This is profoundly organized scale which comprises of a rundown of character characteristics. The appraiser ought to demonstrate the exhibition of a person on a numerical scale for which individual is being assessed have these characteristics. A variety of this is the realistic rating scale which requires the rater to assess the person on every one of a few characterized characteristics along a line containing an assortment of destinations from high to low (Phil Long (1986). Execution Appraisal Revisited. second ed. London: IPM Information and Advisory Services). Basic episode strategies: In this strategy rater clarifies the positive and negative social occasions which have been seen inside an audit period. It is progressively appropriate for execution criticism conversations. Social Anchored Rating Scales (BARS): BARS is one of the noticeable conduct scaling strategies which decide the conduct evaluations and really comprise work execution. This strategy is completed utilizing ordinary BARS instruments which comprise of arrangement of vertical scales. Each scale decides execution measurement dependent on work prerequisites and past perceptions. The conduct stays watched decides the work execution of the person. Results-arranged Methods: These strategies are generally founded on explicit achievements and results of occupation execution instead of practices. Evaluation depends on how the goals have been accomplished. Targets being together concurred between the superi

Western Classical music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Western Classical music - Essay Example y, which is altogether different from â€Å"Messiah† by George Frideric Handel which is a case of an extravagant music with so much feelings appended to it and less instrumentation. The need to separate words all the more unmistakably in the music from such instrumentation and to place feeling into the music was what required ornate music to be created during that period. The music was grown not long after renaissance music period finished and the beginning of this new time denoted the start of feeling denying traditional music which had other various artists from the first time (Hall, 265). Analyze the professions of Bach and Handel. How were they comparable and how were they unique? Discussion about where they worked their notorieties during their lifetimes, and the sort of music they composed. Did Handel compose kinds of music Bach didnt? Handel’s music vocation had first been prevented by his folks however his ability drove them to alter their perspective. Bach was from a musician’s family and his singing was sustained from a youthful age. Both of these men cherished traditional music and they additionally had an unpleasant time before they got well known and legitimate in music. Both needed to show music however in various nations and later on halted the educating. Handel was a musician who worked in London and focused more on oratorios than dramas towards the finish of his vocation. Bach then again was a music chief in Leipzig. Handel had more notoriety than Bach in spite of the fact that Bach got acclaimed after his demise. Handel composed shows lastly oratorios while Bach composed ensemble music (Hall,

Making Academic Writing More Digestible

Making Academic Writing More Digestible Academic research provides the basis for many different texts written for many different purposes. Marketing campaigns, proposals, essays â€" they commonly begin with a writer pouring through pages of research, looking through all the numbers, and determining which needles to pull out of the haystack of jargon and methodology. Learning how to understand and sift through the data and protocol descriptions is often a key talent of the best writers. In this case, knowing how to adapt the academic 4-course meal into a more easily digestible snack becomes crucial in reaching a wide range of people, interests, and reading levels.As with any effective medium, writing requires consideration of the audience. A general audience requires less jargon â€" and fewer technical details â€" than a specialized audience expects. Therefore, the first thing to keep in mind is that when adapting academic text, audience engagement is crucial. Most writers will readily admit: academic writing isnt exactly t he most exciting (or easy) read. So how does a writer adapt academic writing to get the message across in the right way, and to an expanded audience?This can be done in several ways. The easiest is to pretend that you are explaining the research publication to a friend. How would you describe the gist of the study, and more importantly, what highlights would you choose to point out to be the most convincing data from the research? Would you use words like therefore and furthermore, or would you opt for a more conversational tone? These questions are important to take into account before beginning a rough draft, and should be revisited at the various stages of the editing and final draft process.Making academic writing more digestible is not only a matter of shortening sentences and removing jargon â€" it involves being able to quickly get to the heart of the matter. While a marketers first impulse might be to simply reword the abstract to achieve this goal, the abstract rarely conta ins the specifics of the studys goals and aims, or even the exact statistics revealed. These factors are crucial in engaging a more general audience, because they will be the concerns that drive the purpose of the adapted text in the first place.Beyond these general considerations, there are specific tasks a writer can focus on to make the process of adapting an academic text a smoother one.Relax on the formalitiesSome grammar rules are accepted (at least for now) as being set in stone. Take, for example, run-on sentences. Fiction authors get away with it, but I have yet to see any non-fiction writers or copywriters pull it off. Ending with a sentence or clause with a preposition, however â€" thats an entirely different story.When adapting academic writing for a broader audience, the following grammar rules can be relaxed, making the text seem less stuffy and nondescript.Semicolon usage â€" semicolons most often connect two independent thoughts and tend to make sentences more convol uted. Its best to avoid them entirely, if possible.Avoiding contractions â€" most academic writers shy away from contractions, especially sense writing in passive voice tends to circumvent them, anyway. To adapt an academic text to a more mainstream audience, contractions are fine, and can be useful in giving the writing a more approachable voice.Referencing the source of every fact â€" the research approval and monitoring process demands that researchers state every source theyve taken from in their writing. This is such a focus within academic circles that researchers must almost be overly cautious about making a statement of fact or relevant theory that isnt referenced by previous studies.A lot can be learned from the appendixThe graphs and charts that are usually included in the Appendix of a research publication are often quick, visual indicators of the findings of the study. You can reference these by looking at the end of the paper, after the References or Bibliography sectio n. Bar charts and graphs are often used, or mapped webs to show hierarchical relationships and connections. Researchers are required to make these easily understandable, with applicable keys included, making them a great resource for beginning a scaled-down adaptation.Pay attention to the abstract, but dont use the same languageThis one is important. Abstracts are purposefully written to summarize the framework and methodology of the research. The language used is succinct, formulated, and chocked full of terminology that is edited specifically for removing wordiness and unnecessary language.The abstract is also typically written with a lot of passive verbs. Below is a common passive sentence you may find in a research abstract:The researchers found…The trick to modifying this statement is to simply state the findings of the research. Instead of The researchers found that 63% of employees reacted positively to a career ladder incentive plan, instead explain that, This career ladde r incentive plan works â€" and the research proves it! The specific details can always be included in footnotes in case the reader wants to fact check.PowerPointThe above information also applies well when attempting to convert research into PowerPoint presentations. This type of writing is becoming a common task as modern workplaces are focusing professional development on data driven strategies.In fact, the commonly accepted grammar rules for PowerPoint slides are often even more lax than those of informal business correspondence. Bullet points are preferred to complete sentences, and end punctuation is sporadic.

Motivation and the Brain Research Paper

The brain regulates the choice of a person to be physically active. Stimuli from the environment and from the tissues excite receptors and nerves which in turn excite the muscles. The central nervous system has three general areas that are associated with the complexity of the movement and the familiarity of the various stimuli. The areas include the spinal cord which handles simple reflex actions, the lower brain which organizes more complex responses while the cerebral cortex controls the most complicated responses and stores general motor programs. The spinal cord consists of two-way tracks of nerve fibers which carries both sensory fibers as well as motor fibers between the periphery and the brain. Continual flow of afferent information from the sensory receptors to the higher levels of control is permitted by the spinal cord. The spinal cord also contains the efferent motor fibers which carry command information from the cerebrum to the periphery organs or muscles. The sensory n erves have one of its branches which end in the gray matter of the spinal cord while the other branch is carried to the higher levels. The lower brain processes certain afferent sensory information in order to modify a movement for greater efficiency. Basically, the lower brain is made up of the brain stem, the cerebellum and the basal ganglia. Several pathways of motor control are either directly or indirectly under the control of the lower brain. The brain stem connects to the spinal cord and all the sensory and motor information must pass through it. The brain stem has a specialized collection of neurons known as reticular formation. The neurons helps to coordinate skeletal muscle function, maintain muscle tone, to control cardiovascular and respiratory functions and to determine the state of consciousness of a person.   It is highly involved in ballistic movements such as running, jumping and agility training. The cerebellum assists the primary motor cortex and the basal ganglia to adjust the actual movement patterns being produced to conform to the desired motor patterns established by the higher brain. It al ways monitors and modifies movement therefore making it highly involved in integrating all specific elements of technique into any exercise. The basal ganglia help the higher brain with control of complex motor activities and almost all sensory and motor nerve fibers connecting the cerebral cortex with the spinal cord pass between the basal ganglia. Therefore, one of the primary functions of the basal ganglia is to initiate and control repetitive and continuous movement patterns such as walking and running. The cerebral cortex is the higher brain and contains two hemisphere connected by the corpus callosum which allows the two to communicate with each other Wilmore states, that the cerebral cortex is the conscious brain and allows people to think, to be aware of the stimuli and to voluntary control their movements. The cerebral cortex controls the most complex motor patterns and is in charge for the initiation of all voluntary movements. The two function areas concerned with the movement are the motor cortex and the somatic sensory cortex (Wilmore, et. al, 2008). The cerebral cortex processes afferent input from the somatic sensory cortex and coordinates the various activities of the motor cortex with all the area of the lower brain and the spinal cord simultaneously. The motor cortex is divided further into three basic areas which include the primary motor cortex, the premotor area and the supplementary area. The primary motor cortex helps to control fine voluntary movements and to org anize reflex actions while the premotor area helps to coordinate motor commands and muscle activity. The supplementary area helps with the adjustments in postures and the maintenance of balance while exercising (Wilmore, et. al, 2008). Diencephalon is the region of the brain that is composed of the thalamus and the hypothalamus. The thalamus is a sensory integration center that is important and regulates what sensory input reaches the conscious brain thus very important for motor control. The hypothalamus is below the thalamus and is responsible for maintaining homeostasis by regulating all processes that affects the body internal environment such as regulating the blood pressure, body temperature, thirst, emotions among others. The spinal cord, the lower brain and the upper brain together with the rest of the central nervous system and proprioceptors continually attempts to learn, store, recall, and modify movement to help our bodies move and interact within our changing environment more efficiently. The whole control system is constantly being programmed and reprogrammed on a daily basis to adapt to changes within the active and passive systems as well as changes in the environment. The reduced dopamine or loss o f dopamine receptors in the brain appears to be related to the decline in physical activity associated with age. Genes that might help explain motivated running or spontaneous physical activity have yet to be identified. The brain also has a pain control system called an analgesia system. The enkephalins and ÃŽ ²-endorphin are important opiate substances that act on the opiate receptors in the analgesia system to help reduce pain. Wilmore states that research has demonstrated that exercise of long duration increases the natural levels of these opiate substances (Wilmore, et. al, 2008). The three systems are affected by changes in a person such as when they grow or shrink gains strengths or lose and improve or damage the working parts. Ultimately, the control system integrates improvements or compensate for the deficits. This process continues throughout a person’s life and requires constant coordination of the neuromuscular system which reinforces the need for consistent and efficient exercise (Aaberg, 2006). People receive sensory information about their present environment and feedback to the central nervous system continually. There are three primary sources for sensory information which are from visual input, vestibular input and through Proprioception. Proprioception is the input from peripheral sensory receptors and joint mechanoreceptors. The skin and the cutaneous tissues have sensory receptors that sense changes in pressure and movement of soft tissue. The mechanoreceptors located in the muscles, joints and connective tissues give continual informat ion and feedback on joint position, stability, movement, muscle length, tension and pressure from external and the internal forces. In order to trigger the necessary reflex actions and generate the appropriate motor commands to move, stabilize and control the body, sensory information from all the three sources is processed at different levels of the central nervous system (Aaberg, 2006). Reflex actions are extremely sensitive to specific stimuli and can be trained for higher efficiency. The studies show that the sensory and the motor areas of the adult brain can adapt according to how they are used in five days (Aaberg, 2006). In conclusion, there is growing evidence that lack of physical activity may lead to brain dysfunctions including those that affects the motivational domain (Zelick, 2007). According to Zelick, recent studies have linked brain circuits that regulate feeding, mood, pain, reward, liking and wanting to those regulating physical activity such as exercise, suggesting positive motivation modulating properties of exercise (Zelick, 2007). Emotional and motivational disturbances are related to several common brain disorders such as autism (Zelick, 2007). References Wilmore, J., David L. Costill, D., W. Larry Kenney, W. (2008). Physiology of sport and exercise. Canada: Human Kinetics. Aaberg, E. (2006). Muscle mechanics. New York: Human Kinetics. Zelick, P. (2007). Issues in the Psychology of Motivation. New York: Nova Publishers.

Ethical Issue of Long Work Hours - 1741 Words

Ethical Issue of Long Work Hours Xinyu Zhou Grad 6 Taught by Dr. Mark Smith Introduction Today, long work hours have become a significant issue. For employees’ health and the normal operation of the society system, ethical issue of long work hours should be cared more. Countless evidence shows that long work hours increase the workers’ risks for injury and disease. For instance, a research by American government estimates that long work hours increase the possibilities for injuries by 61%. Also, long work hours can easily cause some diseases such as heart disease, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and over fatigue (Dembe et al., 2005). The diverse effects related to long work hours are also associated†¦show more content†¦Thus, the number of employees whose work schedules are more than the mean of work hours is increasing. At the end of 2004, 26.8% of the U.S. males spent above 50 hours on working every week, almost double the ratio in 1980. (Jacobs Gerson, 2004; Kuhn Lozano, 2005). In addition, many major American corporations has been fined for une thical behaviors associated with long work hours. 32,000 technical and support employees were paid for 65 million by IBM. UPS was fined 87 million because of illegally forcing drivers to work overtime. There are numerous pending cases involving Fedex, Inter, CIBC, Wal-mart and Sprint Nextell that wait for being judged. Since notable increase of ethical problems related long work hours have frequently come to light, these issues need to be solved. The health concerns caused by long work hours Since countless ethical incidents of long work hours have happened, In 2000, university researchers and government departments published several statistics demonstrating the connection between health dangers and long work hours. Enough evidence indicated that long work hours have a negative impact on the health of employees. A growing level of fatigue that caused by the increasing work hours induces greater pressure. Over fatigue usuallyShow MoreRelatedThe Ethical And Management Issues1466 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction This report will address the ethical and management issues presented in the case studies Seven Eleven, Are organisation’s exploiting ‘non-employees’ and New and challenging HRM issues in China and India. The main ethical issues raised by these case studies are cultural diversity issues, discrimination and employee working conditions. Along with these ethical issues there are also management issues outlined Corporate Greed and an issue Human resource. This resulted in loss of thousandsRead MorePart 7 Ten Pay Issue1366 Words   |  6 PagesEleven Pay Issue. Question 1: 7 Eleven is one of the Australia’s biggest convenience store chain owned by businessmen Russell Withers and his sister Beverley Barlow. It is claimed that the employees working over there are underpaid and made to work extra hours. (Abc.net.au, 2015) A joint investigation was carried out by ABC’s Four Corners and Business Day and the investigation revealed that the employers were in fact underpaid. They were paid $10 per hour and made to work extra hours. The employeesRead MoreUtility Ethics : The Utility Essay1398 Words   |  6 Pagesthe multinational corporation has been faced with numerous complaints of unethical conduct towards employees. An important ethical issue that is raised in the case study is the treatment of employees. The unfair treatment of employees includes: â€Å"low wages, excessive hours, and unsafe working environments† (Sethi et al., 2011). The utility test will be applied to this ethical issue raised by Mattel Inc. Utility Test The utility test can be used to find the â€Å"morally right course of action for any situation†Read MoreEssay on Sweatchop in Indonesia600 Words   |  3 Pagestheir ethical conduct to produce goods or services. Alongside with the technological advances that create easy accessibility for information and the openness in media coverage, consumer’s awareness also increases regarding business’s ethical issue. This then make some type of business, especially International Business; have to be careful in their business’s conduct because each country has different standards and different rules also regulations concerning business ethics. There are 3 ethical factorsRead MoreSweatshops : Morally Permissible Or Not?1645 Words   |  7 Pagesnot even made by the people of our country or in our country. These products are usually made overseas in sweatshops. Sweatshops is a factory or workshop, especially in the clothing industry, where manual workers are employed at very low wages for long hours and under poor conditions. After knowing the definition of a sweatshop, I believe that sweatshops are permissible but are not morally permissible. What I mean when I say this is that, yes sweatshops are permissible because technically they areRead MoreThe Ethics Of Duty Ethics1356 Words   |  6 Pages(2011) suggests that the multinational corporation has been faced with numerous complaints of unethical conduct towards employees. Ethical issues that are raised from the Mattel case are the unsafe working environments employees are in, and excessive work hours. The philosophy of duty ethics will be applied to these ethical issues to inform the ethical nature of these issues Duty Ethics Ethics are an imperative characteristic for one to have. The philosophy of duty ethics puts an emphasis on performingRead MoreThe Ethical Relationship Between Apple And Foxconn1120 Words   |  5 Pagesthe rising ethical issues that are presented behind the production of different technologies. The relationship between Apple and Foxconn displays a strong primary example of the ethical issue. Apple is perceived as one of the dominant technological and innovative company providing the world with its technology. Despite this, Foxconn ultimately faced many ethical issues as a supply chain of Apple’s products. The ethical issues that are presented are low working conditions, low wages and long workingRead MoreBusiness Report : Ethical And Management1743 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION 2 3.1 ETHICAL ISSUES 3 ABSURD WORKING HOURS 3 EXPLOITING ‘NON-EMPLOYEES’ 3 THE FREE SHIFT SCAM 4 3.2 MANAGEMENT ISSUES 5 WORK HEALTH AND SAFETY 5 HUMAN SKILLS 5 3.3 EMPLOYING AND MANAGING CULTURE AND DIVERSITY 7 LEARNING ORGANISATION 7 AWARENESS 7 MOTHERS IN THE WORKFORCE 7 AGEING WORKFORCE 8 4.0 CONCLUSION 9 5.0 REFERENCES 10 2.0 INTRODUCTION This report will go into detail about ethical and management issues at 7-Eleven alongside the exploitation of ‘non-workers’ and the issues in ChinaRead MoreEthical Dilemmas in Workplace1634 Words   |  7 PagesEthical Dilemmas in Workplace Personal values may conflict with ethical decision making if those personal values are different than the organizational norms of the business or institution. Constructing, and maintaining personal ethics in the workplace rests with the individual, and how willing he or she is in assimilating to the evolving cultural dynamic of the corporate world. Many times a person find their personal, cultural and/or organizational ethics conflicting and must reconcile a course ofRead MoreEssay about Foxconn and Apple1630 Words   |  7 Pagesdeserved criticism. The consumer, must decide whether or not to continue buying from Apple because the consumer is what causes Apple to continue to make new products which results in the poor conditions at Foxconn. Foxconn and Apple violate many ethical, moral and basic human principles. The Situation Over the past several years, Apples major hardware and development contributor, Foxconn, has received a great deal of criticism over their working conditions and benefits. There are over a

Agriculture of Pakistan Free Essays

Agriculture is a vital sector of Pakistan’s economy and accounted for 25.9 percent of GDP in 1999-2000, according to government estimates. The sector directly supports three-quarters of the country’s population, employs half the labor force , and contributes a large share of foreign exchange earnings. We will write a custom essay sample on Agriculture of Pakistan or any similar topic only for you Order Now The main agricultural products are cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, and vegetables, in addition to milk, beef, mutton, and eggs. Pakistan depends on one of the world’s largest irrigation systems to support production. There are 2 principal seasons. Cotton, rice, and sugarcane are produced during the kharif season, which lasts from May to November. Wheat is the major rabi crop, which extends from November to April. The key to a much-needed improvement of productivity lies in a more efficient use of resources, principally land and water. However, change is dependent on the large landowners who own 40 percent of the arable land and control most of the irrigation system, which makes widespread reform difficult. Assessments by independent agencies, including the World Bank, show these large landholdings to be very unproductive. Pakistan is a net importer of agricultural commodities. Annual imports total about US$2 billion and include wheat, edible oils, pulses, and consumer foods. Pakistan is one of the world’s largest producers of raw cotton. The size of the annual cotton crop—the bulk of it grown in Punjab province—is a crucial barometer of the health of the overall economy, as it determines the availability and cost of the main raw material for the yarn-spinning industry, much of which is concentrated around the southern port city of Karachi. Official estimates put the 1999-2000 harvest at some 11.2 million 170-kilogram bales, compared with the 1998-99 outturn of 8.8 million bales and the record 12.8 million bales achieved in 1991-92. The government recently actively intervened in the market to boost prices and to encourage production. A major problem is that the cotton crop is highly susceptible to adverse weather and pest damage, which is reflected in crop figures. After peaking at 2.18 million tons in 1991-92, the lint harvest has since fluctuated considerably, ranging from a low of 1.37 million tons in 1993-94 to a high of 1.9 milli on tons in 1999-2000. The 2000-01 wheat crop was forecast at a record 19.3 million tons, compared to 17.8 million tons produced during the previous year. This increase is due largely to favorable weather and a 25-percent increase in the procurement price to about US$135 per ton. About 85 percent of the crop is irrigated. Despite the record production, Pakistan will continue to be a major wheat importer. The government has imported an average of US$2.4 million annually over the past 5 years. The United States and Australia are the major suppliers. Demand for wheat is increasing from Pakistan’s rapidly growing population as well as from cross-border trade with Afghanistan. Pakistan is a major rice exporter and annually exports about 2 million tons, or about 10 percent of world trade. About 25 percent of exports is Pakistan’s famous fragrant Basmati rice. Rice is Pakistan’s second leading source of export earnings. Private traders handle all exports. Pakistan’s main competitors in rice trade are Thailand, Vietnam, and India. Tobacco is grown mainly in the North-West Frontier Province and Punjab and is an important cash crop . Yields in Pakistan are about twice those for neighboring countries largely due to the extension services provided by the industry. Quality, however, is improving only slowly due to problems related to climate and soil. Farmers have started inter-cropping tobacco with vegetables and sugarcane to increase returns. About half of the total production is used for cigarette manufacturing and the remainder used in traditional ways of smoking (in hand-rolled cigarettes called birris, in water pipes, and as snuff). The share of imported tobacco is increasing gradually in response to an increased demand for high-quality cigarettes. Minor crops account for only 5 percent of total cultivated area; these include oilseeds (sunflower, soybean), chilies, potatoes, and onions. Domestic oilseed production accounts only for about 25 percent of Pakistan total edible oil needs. As a result, Pakistan spends more than US$1 billion annually in scarce foreign exchange to import edible oils, while its oilseed processing industry operates at less than 25 percent of capacity due to an inadequate supply of oilseeds. For 2000-01 total oilseed production was forecast to decrease 10 percent to 3.6 million tons. The government has highlighted development of the oilseed sector as a priority. Pakistan’s fishing industry is relatively modest, but has shown strong growth in recent years. The domestic market is quite small, with per capita annual consumption of approximately 2 kilograms. About 80 percent of production comes from marine fisheries from 2 main areas, the Sindh coast east from Karachi to the Indian border, and the Makran coast of Baluchistan. Ninety percent of the total marine catch is fish; the shrimp which constitute the remainder are prized because of their greater relative value and demand in foreign markets. During 1999-00, total fish production was 620,000 tons, of which 440,000 tons consisted of sea fish and the remainder were fresh-water species. About one-third of the catch is consumed fresh, 9 percent is frozen, 8 percent canned, and about 43 percent used as fish meal for animal food. Livestock accounts for 40 percent of the agricultural sector and 9 percent of the total GDP. Principal products are milk, beef, mutton, poultry, and wool. During 1999, the livestock population increased to 120 million head. That same year Pakistan generated 970,000 tons of beef, 640,000 tons of mutton, and 190,000 tons of poultry. In an effort to enhance milk and meat production, the government recently launched a comprehensive livestock development project with Asian Development Bank assistance. Poultry production provides an increasingly popular low-cost source of protein. Modern poultry production is constrained by high mortality, high incidence of disease, poor quality chicks, and poor quality feed, combined with an inadequate marketing system. Frozen poultry have only recently been introduced. Forests cover an area of 4.2 million hectares or about 5 percent of the total area of Pakistan. The principal forest products are timber, principally for house construction, furniture, and firewood. Many of the country’s wooded areas are severely depleted as a result of over-exploitation. The government has restricted cutting to protect remaining resources—though corruption often jeopardizes environmental efforts—and has lowered duties to encourage imports. Forestry production has since declined from 1.07 million cubic meters in 1990-91 to 475,000 cubic meters in 1998-99. Pakistan imports an estimated US$150 million of wood products annually to meet the requirements of a growing population and rising demand by a wealthy elite. How to cite Agriculture of Pakistan, Essay examples

Media Communication Business Conceptual Art

Question: Describe about the Media Communication for Business Conceptual Art. Answer: The idea about creativity I have investigated is Eccentricity as a form of Art. The article by Deborah Stone is a rather interesting one on the issue of creativity. A major idea that has been presented in this particular article is how todays artists are going the extra mile to appreciate art that could be termed by normal individuals as weird (Maes, 2010; p.124). Stone has used the illustration of the popular music icon, Lady Gaga to determine that artists too can be judged, and not the art itself. Following a number of experiments using both fake and real artists, it was revealed that individuals are more likely to assess art positively when they were told something unusual about the artists appearance of behavior (Goldie Schellekens, 2007; p. 35). It was obvious that weirdness is used as a rule-of-thumb for those who are unsure about art to determine that the art is actually genuine and professional. Stone cites that creativity can be the eccentricity of a given artist, such as what is seen with Lady Gaga. This is how the article defines creativity. In one o f the experiments, Van Goghs Sunflowers were assessed more positively when audiences were told about him chopping off his left ear lobe (Davies, 2004; p. 51). Furthermore, Lady Gagas music was more welcomed when she was depicted as extremely strange. The idea of eccentricity as a form of art is best explained in a speech by artist Dustin Yellin titled, A Journey through the Mind of an Artist on ted.com (Corris 2004; p. 97). Yellin makes attention-grabbing artwork that tells complicated, myth-inspired narratives. In the speech, he describes his idiosyncratic way of perceiving things and thinking. A childhood attraction with boxes and what they contained led Yellin to construct his own boxes of wood-and-resin, then glass with 3-dimensioanl collages dangled within (Osborne, 2002; p.78). To ordinary individuals, this may seem as child play but other artists appreciate this as an innovative and eccentric art. One would also not expect an adult to still play with wooden boxes. This is a good illustration of amazing innovation and challenge. A dangerous idea can be defined as a form of conceptual art in the sense that it values ideas over the visual or official elements of art works (Maes, 2010; p.135). Conceptualists are considered to be extreme artists who are bold enough to go out of the norm. Conceptual artists have managed to redefine the idea of a work of art to the extent that their endeavors are widely welcomed as art by museum curators, gallerists, and collectors. This concept is also considered to be extreme. My exemplar is a dangerous idea because Yellin has made art not to look or appear like a conventional work of art, or even take any physical form at all (Goldie Schellekens, 2007; p. 40). A dangerous idea challenges normal art and pushes its limits by utilizing the least materials and texts. It also aims at leaving a lasting and memorable impression on an audiences mind about what they see. A dangerous idea is compared to conceptualism in the sense that it is said to exist, but only as an idea in the mind. Dangerous ideas are often kept secret up until the person having them reveals them or makes them come to life. Deborah Stone also identifies eccentricity behavior, which can also be compared to a dangerous idea as a deviation from norms. Such deviations can assist with the generation of creative ideas and dangerous ones thus making eccentricity subject to a form of confirmation bias in which individuals expect an unusual artist to be professional since that conforms to their stere otyped image of creative individuals (Davies, 2004; p. 54). The most fundamentally revisionary character of conceptual art is the manner by which it announces itself to be an art of the mind rather than of the senses. Creativity, eccentricity and dangerous ideas tend to reject conventional artistic media since it places the artwork at the level of idea compared to that of objects. However, it should be noted that the pressure of todays artists to be eccentric or unusual is actually a pressure to conform to a stereotype. Weirdness is stereotypically linked to unconventional and high value art (Corris 2004; p. 101). References Corris, M. (ed.). (2004). Conceptual art: Theory, myth, and practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Davies, D. (2004). Art as performance. Oxford: Blackwells. Goldie, P., Schellekens, E. (eds.) (2007). Philosophy and conceptual art. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Maes, H. (2010). Intention, interpretation, and contemporary visual art. British Journal of Aesthetics, 50. Pp. 121 138. Osborne, P. (eds.). (2002). Conceptual art: Themes and movements. London: Phaidon Press.